Module:labels/data/lang/en

local labels = {}

North America

labels["North America"] = { aliases = {"North American"}, display = "Canada, US", regional_categories = {"Canadian", "American"}, }

labels["caricature Black"] = { display = "caricatures of Black speech", def = "any of various caricatures of Black speech by non-Black writers", aliases = {"caricature black", "a caricature of Black speech", "caricatures of Black speech"}, plain_categories = "Caricatures of Black English", form_of_display = "a caricature of Black" -- for use in T:pronunciation spelling of. use in T:altform and T:altspell is not intended and looks bad. }

- Canada -

labels["Canada"] = { aliases = {"CA", "Canadian", "Canadian English"}, Wikipedia = "Canadian English", regional_categories = "Canadian", parent = "rawposcat:North American English,Commonwealth", }

labels["Acadia"] = { region = "colonial Acadia", aliases = {"Acadian"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Acadian", parent = "Canada", }

labels["Alberta"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canadian Prairies", }

labels["Atlantic Canada"] = { Wikipedia = "Atlantic Canadian English", regional_categories = "Atlantic Canadian", parent = "Canada", }

labels["British Columbia"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Canadian Prairies"] = { the = true, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Labrador"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Atlantic Canada", }

labels["Manitoba"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canadian Prairies", }

labels["Multicultural Toronto English"] = { def = "the of  used in the, particularly among young non-white working-class speakers", aliases = {"MTE"}, display = "MTE", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "Ontario", }

labels["New Brunswick"] = { Wikipedia = "Atlantic Canadian English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Atlantic Canada", }

labels["Newfoundland"] = { Wikipedia = "Newfoundland English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Atlantic Canada", }

labels["Northwest Territories"] = { region = "the Northwest Territories of Canada", Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Northwestern Ontario"] = { aliases = {"northwestern Ontario", "Northwest Ontario", "northwest Ontario"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Ontario", }

labels["Nova Scotia"] = { Wikipedia = "Atlantic Canadian English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Atlantic Canada", }

labels["Nunavut"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Ontario"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Prince Edward Island"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Atlantic Canada", }

labels["Quebec"] = { aliases = {"Québec"}, Wikipedia = "Quebec English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

labels["Saskatchewan"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canadian Prairies", }

labels["Yukon"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Canada", }

- US -

labels["US"] = { region = "the United States", aliases = {"U.S.", "United States", "United States of America", "USA", "US English", "U.S. English", "America", "American", "American English"}, Wikipedia = "American English", regional_categories = "American", parent = "rawposcat:North American English", }

labels["African-American Vernacular"] = { def = "the variety of English spoken, especially in urban communities, by most working-class and some middle-class African-Americans", addl = "It is a sociolect with significantly different grammatical characteristics from, especially in and negation constructions. Many African-American communities maintain diglossia between African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) and Standard English.", aliases = {"AAVE", "African American Vernacular", "African American Vernacular English", "African-American Vernacular English", "BVE"}, Wikipedia = "African-American Vernacular English", regional_categories = true, parent = "African-American", }

labels["African-American"] = { prep = "by", region = "African-Americans in the United States", aliases = {"AA", "African-American English", "African American", "African American English", "AAE"}, Wikipedia = "African-American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Alabama"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Alaska"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northwestern US", }

labels["Appalachia"] = { aliases = {"Appalachian"}, Wikipedia = "Appalachian English", regional_categories = "Appalachian", parent = "US", }

labels["Arizona"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southwestern US", }

labels["Arkansas"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Arkansan", parent = "South Midland US", }

labels["Baltimore"] = { Wikipedia = "Baltimore accent", regional_categories = true, parent = "Maryland", }

labels["Boston"] = { Wikipedia = "Boston accent", regional_categories = true, parent = "Massachusetts", }

labels["Cajun"] = { prep = "by", region = "Cajuns in ", Wikipedia = "Cajun English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Louisiana", }

labels["California"] = { Wikipedia = "California English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Western US", }

labels["Chicago"] = { Wikipedia = {"Inland Northern American English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Illinois", }

labels["Cincinnati"] = { Wikipedia = "Midland American English#Cincinnati", regional_categories = true, parent = "Ohio,Kentucky", }

labels["Colorado"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southwestern US", }

labels["Connecticut"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "New England", }

labels["District of Columbia"] = { region = "Washington, D.C.", aliases = {"DC", "Washington, DC"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "DC", parent = "Mid-Atlantic US", }

labels["Florida"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Georgia (US)"] = { region = "the state of Georgia in the United States", display = "Georgia", Wikipedia = "Georgia (U.S. state)", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Hawaii"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Hawaiian", parent = "Western US", }

labels["Illinois"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Midland US,Northern US", }

labels["Indiana"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Midland US,Northern US", }

labels["Kentucky"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "South Midland US", }

labels["Louisiana"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Maine"] = { Wikipedia = "Maine accent", regional_categories = true, parent = "New England", }

labels["Maryland"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Mid-Atlantic US", }

labels["Massachusetts"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "New England", }

labels["Memphis"] = { regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Michigan"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Upper Midwestern US", }

labels["Mid-Atlantic US"] = { region = "the Mid-Atlantic United States", Wikipedia = "Mid-Atlantic American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Midland US"] = { region = "the American Midland", Wikipedia = "Midland American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Midwestern US", }

labels["Midwestern US"] = { region = "the Midwest of the United States", aliases = {"Midwest US"}, Wikipedia = "Midwestern American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Mississippi"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Missouri"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Midland US", }

labels["New England"] = { Wikipedia = "New England English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northeastern US", }

labels["New Jersey"] = { Wikipedia = "New Jersey English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northeastern US", }

labels["New Mexico"] = { Wikipedia = "Western American English#New Mexico", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southwestern US", }

labels["New Orleans"] = { Wikipedia = "New Orleans English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Louisiana", }

labels["New York City"] = { aliases = {"NYC"}, Wikipedia = "New York City English", regional_categories = true, parent = "New York", }

labels["New York"] = { region = "the United States state of New York", aliases = {"NY"}, Wikipedia = "New York English (disambiguation)", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northeastern US", }

labels["North Carolina"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with Midland US for now labels["North Midland US"] = { aliases = {"Northern Midland US"}, Wikipedia = "Midland American English", regional_categories = "Midland US", }

labels["Northeastern US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"Northeast US"}, Wikipedia = {"Northern American English#Northeastern American English"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northern US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with California for now labels["Northern California"] = { Wikipedia = "California English", regional_categories = "California", }

labels["Northwestern US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"Northwest US", "Pacific Northwest"}, Wikipedia = {"Pacific Northwest English", "Northwestern United States"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Western US", }

labels["Ohio"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Midland US,Northern US", }

labels["Oklahoma"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "South Midland US", }

labels["Pennsylvania Dutch English"] = { prep = "by", region = " people in south-central Pennsylvania", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "Pennsylvania", }

labels["Pennsylvania"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northeastern US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with Pennsylvania for now labels["Philadelphia"] = { Wikipedia = "Philadelphia English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Pennsylvania,Mid-Atlantic US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with Western Pennsylvania for now labels["Pittsburgh"] = { Wikipedia = "Western Pennsylvania English", regional_categories = "Western Pennsylvania", parent = "Pennsylvania", }

labels["Rhode Island"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "New England", }

labels["South Carolina"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with Midland US for now labels["South Midland US"] = { aliases = {"Southern Midland US"}, Wikipedia = "Midland American English", regional_categories = "Midland US", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with California for now labels["Southern California"] = { Wikipedia = "California English", regional_categories = "California", }

labels["Southern US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"Southern American English", "southern US", "US South"}, Wikipedia = "Southern American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Southwestern US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"southwestern US", "Southwest US", "southwest US"}, Wikipedia = {"Western American English", "Southwestern United States"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Western US", }

labels["St. Louis"] = { Wikipedia = "St. Louis dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Missouri,Illinois", }

labels["Texas"] = { Wikipedia = "Texan English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US,Southwestern US", }

labels["Upper Midwestern US"] = { region = "the of the United States", aliases = {"Upper Midwest US"}, Wikipedia = {"North-Central American English", "Upper Midwest"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Midwestern US,Northern US", }

labels["Vermont"] = { Wikipedia = {"New England English", "Vermont"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "New England", }

labels["Virginia"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern US", }

labels["Western Pennsylvania"] = { aliases = {"Western Pennsylvania English"}, Wikipedia = "Western Pennsylvania English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Pennsylvania", }

labels["Western US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"western US"}, Wikipedia = {"Western American English", "Western United States"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Wisconsin"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Upper Midwestern US", }

Australia and New Zealand

labels["Australian Aboriginal"] = { prep = "by", region = "Aboriginal people in Australia", aliases = {"Australian Aboriginal English", "Australian aboriginal"}, Wikipedia = "Australian Aboriginal English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["Australia"] = { aliases = {"Australian", "AU", "AuE", "Aus", "AusE", "General Australian"}, Wikipedia = "Australian English", accent_Wikipedia = "Australian English phonology", accent_display = "General Australian", regional_categories = "Australian", parent = "Oceania,Commonwealth", }

labels["Canberra"] = { region = "the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra)", Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["New South Wales"] = { aliases = {"NSW"}, Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["New Zealand"] = { aliases = {"NZ"}, Wikipedia = "New Zealand English", accent_Wikipedia = "New Zealand English phonology", regional_categories = true, parent = "Oceania,Commonwealth", }

labels["Northern Territory"] = { aliases = {"NT"}, Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["Northern US"] = { region = "the ", aliases = {"Northern American English", "northern US", "US North"}, Wikipedia = "Northern American English", regional_categories = true, parent = "US", }

labels["Queensland"] = { Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["South Australia"] = { Wikipedia = "South Australian English", regional_categories = "South Australian", parent = "Australia", }

labels["Tasmania"] = { Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", true}, regional_categories = "Tasmanian", parent = "Australia", }

labels["Victoria"] = { Wikipedia = {"Variation in Australian English#Regional variation", "Victoria (state)"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Australia", }

labels["Western Australia"] = { Wikipedia = "Western Australian English", regional_categories = "Western Australian", parent = "Australia", }

Ireland

labels["Cork"] = { Wikipedia = {"South-West Irish English", "Cork (city)"}, regional_categories = "Munster", }

labels["Dublin"] = { Wikipedia = {"Dublin English", "Dublin", "DE"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Ireland", }

labels["Ireland"] = { aliases = {"Irish", "IE"}, Wikipedia = "Hiberno-English", regional_categories = "Irish", parent = "Europe", }

labels["Munster"] = { Wikipedia = {"South-West Irish English", "Munster"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Ireland", }

United Kingdom

labels["British"] = { region = "Great Britain", addl = "Not to be confused with British spellings, a spelling system used in some English-speaking countries of the world.", aliases = {"Britain", "Great Britain"}, Wikipedia = "British English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Europe,Commonwealth", country = "the United Kingdom", }

labels["UK"] = { aliases = {"United Kingdom"}, Wikipedia = "British English", regional_categories = "British", }

labels["Antrim"] = { Wikipedia = "County Antrim", regional_categories = "Northern Irish", }

labels["Bedfordshire"] = { Wikipedia = "Bedfordshire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Berkshire"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Birmingham"] = { Wikipedia = "Brummie dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "West Midlands", }

labels["Bristol"] = { region = "Bristol, England", aliases = {"Bristolian"}, Wikipedia = "Bristolian dialect", regional_categories = "Bristolian", parent = "West Country", }

labels["Caithness"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Scotland", }

labels["Cambridge University"] = { prep = "at", region = " in Cambridge", aliases = {"University of Cambridge", "Cantab"}, Wikipedia = "University of Cambridge", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Anglia", othercat = "en:Universities", }

labels["Channel Islands"] = { the = true, Wikipedia = "Channel Island English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Europe,Commonwealth", }

labels["Cockney"] = { prep = "by", region = "working-class Londoners, especially in the East End", Wikipedia = "Cockney#Speech", regional_categories = true, parent = "London", }

labels["Cornwall"] = { aliases = {"Cornish"}, Wikipedia = "Cornish dialect", regional_categories = "Cornish", parent = "West Country", }

labels["Cumbria"] = { aliases = {"Cumbrian"}, Wikipedia = "Cumbrian dialect", regional_categories = "Cumbrian", parent = "Northern England", }

labels["Derbyshire"] = { region = "Derbyshire, which is geographically in the East Midlands but whose dialect is sometimes classified as West Midlands", Wikipedia = "Derbyshire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Midlands,West Midlands", }

labels["Devon"] = { aliases = {"Devonshire"}, Wikipedia = {"West Country English", true}, regional_categories = "Devonian", parent = "West Country", }

labels["Dorset"] = { Wikipedia = "Dorset dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "West Country", }

labels["Dundee"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Scotland", }

labels["Durham University"] = { prep = "at", region = " in Durham", Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Durham", othercat = "en:Universities", }

labels["Durham"] = { Wikipedia = {"Pitmatic", "County Durham"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northumbria", }

labels["East Anglia"] = { Wikipedia = "East Anglian English", regional_categories = "East Anglian", parent = "England", }

labels["East Midlands"] = { region = "the East Midlands of England", Wikipedia = "East Midlands English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Midlands", }

labels["England"] = { aliases = {"English"}, Wikipedia = "English language in England", regional_categories = "English", parent = "British", }

labels["England and Wales"] = { aliases = {"E&W"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = {"English", "Welsh"}, }

labels["Essex"] = { Wikipedia = "Essex dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Exmoor"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = {"Devonian", "Somerset"}, }

labels["Geordie"] = { region = "Tyneside", aliases = {"Tyneside"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northumbria", }

labels["Gloucestershire"] = { Wikipedia = {"West Country English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "West Country", }

labels["Guernsey"] = { prep = "on", Wikipedia = "Channel Island English#Guernsey English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Channel Islands", }

labels["Hartlepool"] = { Wikipedia = "Smoggie", regional_categories = "Teesside", }

labels["Herefordshire"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "West Country", }

labels["Isle of Man"] = { prep = "on", the = true, aliases = {"Manx"}, Wikipedia = "Manx English", regional_categories = "Manx", parent = "British", }

labels["Isle of Wight"] = { prep = "on", the = true, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Jersey"] = { prep = "on", Wikipedia = "Channel Island English#Jersey English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Channel Islands", }

labels["Kent"] = { aliases = {"Kentish"}, Wikipedia = "Kentish dialect", regional_categories = "Kentish", parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Lancashire"] = { Wikipedia = "Lancashire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northern England", }

labels["Lewis"] = { prep = "on", region = "the Isle of Lewis", aliases = {"Isle of Lewis"}, Wikipedia = "Isle of Lewis", regional_categories = true, parent = "Scotland", }

labels["Lincolnshire"] = { Wikipedia = "Lincolnshire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Midlands", }

labels["Liverpool"] = { region = "the, comprising the metropolitan county of Merseyside and the Cheshire unitary authority of Halton", aliases = {"Scouse"}, Wikipedia = "Scouse", regional_categories = "Liverpudlian", parent = "Northern England", }

labels["London"] = { Wikipedia = "Estuary English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Manchester"] = { aliases = {"Mancunian"}, Wikipedia = "Manchester dialect", regional_categories = "Mancunian", parent = "Northern England", }

labels["Mid-Ulster"] = { region = "central Ulster", aliases = {"Mid-Ulster English"}, Wikipedia = "Mid-Ulster English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Ulster,Northern Ireland", }

labels["Midlands"] = { region = "the Midlands of England", aliases = {"English Midlands", "South Midlands"}, Wikipedia = "Midlands English", regional_categories = true, parent = "England", }

labels["Multicultural London English"] = { prep = "by", region = "young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London", aliases = {"MLE"}, display = "MLE", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "London", }

labels["Norfolk"] = { Wikipedia = "Norfolk dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Anglia", }

labels["North Wales"] = { Wikipedia = {"Welsh English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Wales", }

labels["Northern England"] = { aliases = {"northern England", "North England", "north England"}, Wikipedia = "English language in Northern England", regional_categories = true, parent = "England", }

labels["Northern Ireland"] = { aliases = {"Northern Irish", "NI"}, Wikipedia = "Ulster English", regional_categories = "Northern Irish", parent = "Ulster", }

labels["Northern Isles"] = { display = "Orkney, Shetland", regional_categories = {"Orkney", "Shetland"}, }

labels["Northumbria"] = { aliases = {"Northumbrian", "Northeast England", "North-East England", "North East England"}, Wikipedia = {"Northumbrian dialect", "Northumbria (modern)"}, regional_categories = "Northumbrian", parent = "Northern England", }

labels["Nottinghamshire"] = { Wikipedia = "Nottinghamshire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Midlands", }

labels["Orkney"] = { prep = "on", aliases = {"Orcadian"}, Wikipedia = {true, "Highland English"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Scotland", }

labels["Oxbridge"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = {"Cambridge University", "Oxford University"}, }

labels["Oxford City"] = { region = "the city of Oxford in England", Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Oxford", parent = "Oxfordshire", }

labels["Oxford University"] = { prep = "at", aliases = {"University of Oxford", "Oxon"}, Wikipedia = "University of Oxford", regional_categories = true, parent = "Oxford City", othercat = "en:Universities", }

labels["Oxfordshire"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Potteries"] = { region = "Stoke-on-Trent", Wikipedia = "Potteries dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "West Midlands", }

labels["Scotland"] = { aliases = {"Scottish", "Scottish English"}, Wikipedia = "Scottish English", regional_categories = "Scottish", parent = "British", }

labels["Shetland"] = { region = "the Shetland Islands", aliases = {"Shetland Islands", "Shetlands"}, Wikipedia = {true, "Highland English"}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Scotland", }

labels["Shropshire"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "West Midlands", }

labels["Somerset"] = { Wikipedia = {"West Country English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "West Country", }

-- eventually maybe break this out into its own category labels["South Midlands"] = { Wikipedia = {"Midlands English", "South Midlands"}, regional_categories = "Midlands", }

labels["South Wales"] = { Wikipedia = {"Welsh English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Wales", }

labels["Southern England"] = { aliases = {"southern England", "South England", "south England", "Southern English"}, Wikipedia = "English in southern England", regional_categories = true, parent = "England", }

labels["Suffolk"] = { Wikipedia = "Suffolk dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "East Anglia", }

labels["Sussex"] = { Wikipedia = "Sussex dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southern England", }

labels["Teesside"] = { Wikipedia = "Smoggie", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northumbria", }

-- Tyneside: see Geordie

labels["Ulster"] = { Wikipedia = "Ulster English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Ireland", }

labels["Wales"] = { aliases = {"Welsh"}, Wikipedia = "Welsh English", regional_categories = "Welsh", parent = "British", }

labels["Wearside"] = { Wikipedia = {"Mackem", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "Northumbria", }

labels["West Country"] = { the = true, aliases = {"West England", "west England"}, Wikipedia = "West Country English", regional_categories = true, parent = "England", }

-- can be split off if enough entries in it arise; group with Cumbria for now labels["West Cumbria"] = { Wikipedia = "Cumbrian dialect", regional_categories = "Cumbrian", }

labels["West Midlands"] = { region = "the West Midlands of England", Wikipedia = "West Midlands English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Midlands", }

labels["Wiltshire"] = { Wikipedia = {"West Country English", true}, regional_categories = true, parent = "West Country", }

labels["Yorkshire"] = { Wikipedia = "Yorkshire dialect", regional_categories = true, parent = "Northern England", }

World

labels["Afghanistan"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Afghan", parent = "South Asia", }

labels["Africa"] = { aliases = {"African"}, Wikipedia = "African English", regional_categories = "African", parent = true, }

labels["Antarctica"] = { Wikipedia = "Antarctic English", regional_categories = "Antarctic", parent = true, }

labels["Asia"] = { Wikipedia = "Asian English", regional_categories = "Asian", parent = true, }

labels["Bahamas"] = { the = true, Wikipedia = "Bahamian English", regional_categories = "Bahaman", parent = "Caribbean", }

labels["Bangladesh"] = { Wikipedia = "Bangladeshi English", regional_categories = "Bangladeshi", parent = "South Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Barbados"] = { Wikipedia = "English in Barbados", regional_categories = "Barbadian", parent = "Caribbean", }

labels["Belize"] = { Wikipedia = "Belizean English", regional_categories = "Belizean", parent = "Caribbean,Central America", }

labels["Benglish"] = { def = "Benglish, an English-based creole incorporating many Bengali words; used informally in Bangladesh and West Bengal", aliases = {"Banglish"}, Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "Bangladesh,West Bengal", }

labels["Bermuda"] = { Wikipedia = "Bermudian English", regional_categories = "Bermudian", parent = "Caribbean,rawposcat:North American English,British", }

labels["Botswana"] = { Wikipedia = "Botswana English", regional_categories = "Botswanan", parent = "Africa", }

labels["British India"] = { fulldef = "Anglo-Indian terms or senses in English as used formerly by Britishers in ", Wikipedia = "British Indian English", regional_categories = true, parent = "South Asia,British", othercat = "English terms with historical senses", }

labels["British Pakistani"] = { prep = "by", region = ", i.e. British citizens of Pakistani origin", Wikipedia = "British Pakistanis", regional_categories = true, parent = "South Asia,British", }

labels["Brunei"] = { Wikipedia = "Brunei English", regional_categories = "Bruneian", parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["Cameroon"] = { aliases = {"CM", "Cameroonian", "Cameroonian English", "en-CM"}, Wikipedia = "Cameroonian English", regional_categories = "Cameroonian", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Caribbean"] = { the = true, aliases = {"West Indies"}, Wikipedia = "Caribbean English", regional_categories = true, parent = true, }

labels["Cebu"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Philippines", }

labels["Central America"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Central American", parent = "rawposcat:North American English", }

labels["Ceylon"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Sri Lankan", }

labels["China"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Chinese", parent = "East Asia", }

labels["Chinese Filipino"] = { verb = "used", prep = "by", region = "Chinese Filipinos", aliases = {"Chinese-Filipino"}, -- Sociolect subset to Philippine English -- may also see "Hokaglish" in Wikipedia, although Hokaglish is the codeswitching form with a Hokkien or Tagalog base, just like Philippine English to "Conyo" (English-based) and "Taglish" (Tagalog-based), whereas this is the English variant itself subset to Philippine English. Wikipedia = "Chinese Filipino#Language", regional_categories = true, parent = "Philippines", }

labels["Chinglish"] = { def = "English that has been influenced by Chinese", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "China", }

labels["Commonwealth"] = { region = "the Commonwealth of Nations", Wikipedia = "English in the Commonwealth of Nations", regional_categories = true, parent = true, }

labels["Cuba"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Cuban", parent = "Caribbean", }

labels["East Africa"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "East African", parent = "Africa", }

labels["East Asia"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "East Asian", parent = "Asia", }

labels["Egypt"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Egyptian", parent = "Africa,Middle East", }

labels["Europe"] = { aliases = {"European"}, Wikipedia = "English language in Europe", regional_categories = "European", parent = true, }

labels["Fiji"] = { Wikipedia = "Fijian English", regional_categories = "Fijian", parent = "Oceania,Commonwealth", }

labels["Ghana"] = { Wikipedia = "Ghanaian English", regional_categories = "Ghanaian", parent = "West Africa", }

labels["Guyana"] = { Wikipedia = {"Guyanese English", "Guyana"}, regional_categories = "Guyanese", parent = "Caribbean,South America", }

labels["Hinglish"] = { def = "Hinglish, an English-based creole incorporating many Hindi words; used informally in India", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "India", }

labels["Hong Kong"] = { aliases = {"HK"}, Wikipedia = "Hong Kong English", regional_categories = true, parent = "China", }

labels["Hungary"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Hungarian", parent = "Europe", }

labels["India"] = { aliases = {"Indian", "Indian English", "InE"}, Wikipedia = "Indian English", regional_categories = "Indian", parent = "South Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Indonesia"] = { Wikipedia = "Indonesian English", regional_categories = "Indonesian", parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["Israel"] = { Wikipedia = "Israeli English", regional_categories = "Israeli", parent = "Middle East", }

labels["Japan"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Japanese", parent = "East Asia", }

labels["Jamaica"] = { aliases = {"Jamaican English", "Jamaican"}, Wikipedia = "Jamaican English", regional_categories = "Jamaican", parent = "Caribbean,Commonwealth", }

labels["Kenya"] = { Wikipedia = "Kenyan English", regional_categories = "Kenyan", parent = "East Africa", }

labels["Liberia"] = { Wikipedia = "Liberian English", regional_categories = "Liberian", parent = "West Africa", }

labels["Libya"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Libyan", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Macau"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Macanese", parent = "China", }

labels["Mainland China"] = { aliases = {"Mainland", "mainland", "mainland China"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "China", }

labels["Malaysia"] = { aliases = {"Malaysian"}, Wikipedia = "Malaysian English", regional_categories = "Malaysian", parent = "Southeast Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Malta"] = { Wikipedia = "Maltese English", regional_categories = "Maltese", parent = "Europe", }

labels["Manglish"] = { def = "Manglish, an English-based creole incorporating Malay, Chinese, and Tamil words; used informally in Malaysia", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "Malaysia", }

labels["Mexico"] = { Wikipedia = {"Mexican English", "Mexico"}, regional_categories = "Mexican", parent = "rawposcat:North American English", }

labels["Middle East"] = { the = true, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Middle Eastern", parent = true, }

labels["Myanmar"] = { aliases = {"Burma"}, Wikipedia = "Myanmar English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["Namibia"] = { Wikipedia = "Namibian English", regional_categories = "Namibian", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Natal"] = { Wikipedia = "KwaZulu-Natal", regional_categories = true, parent = "South Africa", }

labels["Nepal"] = { Wikipedia = "Nepalese English", regional_categories = "Nepali", parent = "South Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Nigeria"] = { aliases = {"Nigerian"}, Wikipedia = "Nigerian English", regional_categories = "Nigerian", parent = "West Africa", }

labels["North India"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "North Indian", parent = "India", }

labels["Oceania"] = { Wikipedia = "Oceanian English", regional_categories = "Oceanian", parent = true, }

labels["Pakistan"] = { aliases = {"Pakistani"}, Wikipedia = "Pakistani English", regional_categories = "Pakistani", parent = "South Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Palestine"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Palestinian", parent = "Middle East", }

labels["Papua New Guinea"] = { Wikipedia = "Papua New Guinean English", regional_categories = "Papua New Guinean", parent = "Oceania,Commonwealth", }

labels["Philippines"] = { the = true, aliases = {"Philippine", "Philippine English"}, Wikipedia = "Philippine English", regional_categories = "Philippine", parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["Réunion"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "Africa", }

labels["Rhodesia"] = { region = "the historical state of Rhodesia", Wikipedia = "Zimbabwean English", regional_categories = "Rhodesian", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Rwanda"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Rwandan", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Singapore"] = { aliases = {"SG", "Singaporean"}, Wikipedia = "Singapore English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Southeast Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Singlish"] = { def = "Singlish, an English-based creole incorporating many words of Chinese, Malay and Indian origin; used informally in Singapore", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, parent = "Singapore", }

labels["Solomon Islands"] = { the = true, Wikipedia = "Solomon Islands English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Oceania", }

labels["South Africa"] = { aliases = {"South African", "South African English", "ZA"}, Wikipedia = "South African English", accent_Wikipedia = "South African English phonology", accent_display = "General South African", regional_categories = "South African", parent = "Africa,Commonwealth", }

labels["South America"] = { Wikipedia = "South American English", regional_categories = "South American", parent = true, }

labels["South Asia"] = { Wikipedia = "South Asian English", regional_categories = "South Asian", parent = "Asia", }

labels["South India"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "South Indian", parent = "India", }

labels["South Korea"] = { Wikipedia = "Korean English", regional_categories = "South Korean", parent = "East Asia", }

labels["Southeast Asia"] = { aliases = {"Southeast Asian"}, Wikipedia = "Southeast Asian English", regional_categories = "Southeast Asian", parent = "Asia", }

labels["Sri Lanka"] = { Wikipedia = "Sri Lankan English", regional_categories = "Sri Lankan", parent = "South Asia,Commonwealth", }

labels["Taiwan"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Taiwanese", parent = "East Asia", }

labels["Tanzania"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "Tanzanian", parent = "East Africa", }

labels["Thailand"] = { Wikipedia = "Tinglish", regional_categories = "Thai", parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["Trinidad and Tobago"] = { aliases = {"Trinidad", "Tobago", "Trinidadian"}, Wikipedia = "Trinidadian and Tobagonian English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Caribbean", }

labels["Uganda"] = { Wikipedia = "Ugandan English", regional_categories = "Ugandan", parent = "Africa", }

labels["Vanuatu"] = { Wikipedia = "Languages of Vanuatu#English and French", regional_categories = true, parent = "Oceania", }

labels["Vietnam"] = { Wikipedia = "Vietglish", regional_categories = "Vietnamese", parent = "Southeast Asia", }

labels["West Africa"] = { aliases = {"West African"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "West African", parent = "Africa", }

labels["West Bengal"] = { Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = true, parent = "India", }

labels["Zimbabwe"] = { Wikipedia = "Zimbabwean English", regional_categories = true, parent = "Africa", }

non-regional

labels["Early Modern"] = { prep = "from", region = "the late 15th to the mid-17th centuries", noreg = true, nolink = true, aliases = {"Early Modern English", "EME"}, Wikipedia = "Early Modern English", regional_categories = true, parent = true, }

labels["Late Modern"] = { prep = "from", region = "the mid-17th to the end of the 19th centuries", noreg = true, nolink = true, aliases = {"Late Modern English", "LME"}, Wikipedia = "Late Modern English", regional_categories = true, parent = true, }

labels["Polari"] = { def = "a form of cant slang used in Britain by some actors, circus and fairground showmen, professional wrestlers, merchant navy sailors, criminals, prostitutes, and the gay subculture", noreg = true, country = "the United Kingdom", Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = true, othercat = "British slang,English cant,English gay slang", parent = true, }

-- Thieves' Cant is English-only, for other languages, use "criminal slang" labels["thieves' cant"] = { fulldef = "A secret language formerly used by thieves, beggars and hustlers of various kinds in Great Britain and to a lesser extent in other English-speaking countries.", noreg = true, aliases = {"Thieves' Cant", "Thieves' cant", "thieves cant", "thieves'", "thieves"}, Wikipedia = true, -- FIXME: Currently pos_categories aren't recognized. -- pos_categories = "Thieves' Cant", plain_categories = "English Thieves' Cant", parent = true, othercat = "English cant", }

English-specific qualifier labels

labels["attributive"] = { display = "attributive", }

labels["attributively"] = { display = "attributively", }

supporting Template:standard spelling of et al.

labels["American spelling"] = { aliases = {"American form", "US spelling", "US form"}, form_of_display = "US", Wikipedia = "American and British English spelling differences", plain_categories = "American English forms", }

labels["ise-form"] = { display = "Non-Oxford British", plain_categories = "British English forms", }

labels["ize-form"] = { display = "American and Oxford British", plain_categories = {"American English forms", "Oxford spellings"}, }

labels["Canadian spelling"] = { aliases = {"Canadian form"}, Wikipedia = true, plain_categories = "Canadian English forms", }

labels["British spelling"] = { aliases = {"British form", "Commonwealth spelling", "Commonwealth form", "UK spelling", "UK form"}, Wikipedia = "American and British English spelling differences", plain_categories = "British English forms", }

labels["Australian spelling"] = { aliases = {"Australian form"}, display = "Australian spelling", Wikipedia = "Australian English#Spelling and style", plain_categories = "Australian English forms", }

labels["non-Oxford British spelling"] = { aliases = {"Non-Oxford British spelling", "non-Oxford", "Non-Oxford", "not Oxford", "Not Oxford"}, display = "non-Oxford British English", plain_categories = "British English forms", }

labels["Oxford British spelling"] = { aliases = {"Oxford", "en-GB-oxendict"}, display = "Oxford British English", plain_categories = "Oxford spellings", }

supporting Template:inflection of

-- This is added to an inflection line when something like is used. Specifically, the form-of -- tag 'th-form' is a shortcut for '3-th|s|spres|ind' (see Module:form of/lang-data/en); the tag '3-th' displays as -- "third-person" (see Module:form of/lang-data/en) and attaches the following label (see Module:form of/cats). labels["archaic third singular"] = { display = "archaic", Wikipedia = "English verbs#Archaic forms", pos_categories = "archaic third-person singular forms", }

-- This is added to an inflection line when something like is used. See above. labels["archaic second singular present"] = { display = "archaic", Wikipedia = "English verbs#Archaic forms", pos_categories = "second-person singular forms", }

-- This is added to an inflection line when something like is used. See above. labels["archaic second singular past"] = { display = "archaic", Wikipedia = "English verbs#Archaic forms", pos_categories = "second-person singular past tense forms", }

accent qualifiers

-- Generate the inverse of a sound change. In general, we should do this for sound changes that are either -- extremely common (e.g. 'cot-caught') or dominant ('horse-hoarse', 'wine-whine') or are at least locally -- dominant (e.g. 'cheer-chair'). The idea is that when presenting the pronunciation of an area with a locally -- dominant pronunciation, we may want to also present the alternative pronunciation lacking the change, as long -- as it is found at least somewhere in the area. Hence, for New Zealand, which typically has the cheer-chair -- merger, we might might to present the non-merger pronunciation as well; but for a change like card-cord that -- is recessive everywhere, it's unlikely we'll need to specifically highlight the inverse pronunciation (which -- would be the standard, already covered elsewhere), and we can save memory and time by omitting the label. local function generate_non(key, display) if not labels[key] then error(("Internal error: No label definition for key '%s'"):format(key)) end local labval = mw.clone(labels[key]) labels["non-" .. key] = labval if labval.aliases then for i, alias in ipairs(labval.aliases) do labval.aliases[i] = "non-" .. alias end end if not display then display = labval.display or key if display:find("ing$") or display:find("[st]ion$") then -- e.g. "Canadian raising", "t-glottalization" display = "without " .. display else -- e.g. "cot-caught merger" display = "without the " .. display end end labval.display = display end labels["Anglicised"] = { aliases = {"Anglicized"}, Wikipedia = "Anglicisation#Anglicisation of non-English-language vocabulary and names", }

labels["Canadian raising"] = { aliases = {"North American raising"}, Wikipedia = true, } generate_non("Canadian raising")

labels["Canadian Shift"] = { aliases = {"Canadian Vowel Shift", "Canadian shift", "Canadian vowel shift"}, Wikipedia = true, display = "Canadian Vowel Shift", } generate_non("Canadian Shift")

labels["card-cord"] = { Wikipedia = "Card-cord merger", display = "card–cord merger", }

labels["cheer-chair"] = { aliases = {"near-square"}, Wikipedia = "near-square merger", display = "cheer–chair merger", } generate_non("cheer-chair")

labels["cot-caught"] = { aliases = {"caught-cot"}, Wikipedia = "Cot–caught merger", display = "cot–caught merger", } generate_non("cot-caught")

labels["cure-fir"] = { aliases = {"cure-nurse"}, Wikipedia = "Cure-nurse merger", display = "cure–fir merger", } generate_non("cure-fir")

labels["dough-door"] = { Wikipedia = "Dough-door merger", display = "dough–door merger", } generate_non("dough-door")

labels["Estuary English"] = { Wikipedia = true, }

labels["fair-fur"] = { aliases = {"square-nurse"}, Wikipedia = "Square-nurse merger", display = "fair–fur merger", } generate_non("fair-fur")

labels["father-bother"] = { Wikipedia = "Father–bother merger", display = "father-bother merger", } generate_non("father-bother")

labels["fern-fir-fur"] = { aliases = {"nurse merger"}, Wikipedia = "Fern-fir-fur merger", display = "fern–fir–fur merger", } generate_non("fern-fir-fur")

labels["flapping"] = { Wikipedia = true, } generate_non("flapping")

labels["foot-goose"] = { Wikipedia = "Foot-goose merger", display = "foot-goose merger", }

-- Most labels of the form 'foo-bar' are mergers. Since this is rather a split, include the word "split" -- for clarity. labels["foot-strut split"] = { Wikipedia = "Phonological history of English close back vowels#FOOT–STRUT split", display = "foot-strut split", } generate_non("foot-strut split")

labels["g-dropping"] = { aliases = {"g dropping"}, Wikipedia = "G-dropping", display = "g-dropping", } generate_non("g-dropping")

labels["General American"] = { aliases = {"GenAm", "GA"}, Wikipedia = "General American English", }

labels["glottalized"] = { aliases = {"glottalization", "glottalised", "glottalisation"}, Wikipedia = "Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters#Glottalization", }

labels["goose split"] = { -- Phonemic split in some Southeastern England English variants. Wikipedia = "English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/#Goose_split", display = "goose split", }

labels["gulf-golf"] = { Wikipedia = "English-language vowel changes before historic /l/#Gulf-golf merger", display = "gulf-golf merger", }

labels["h-dropping"] = { Wikipedia = "H-dropping", display = "h-dropping", } generate_non("h-dropping")

labels["happy-tensing"] = { aliases = {"happy tensing"}, Wikipedia = "Happy tensing", display = "happy-tensing", } generate_non("happy-tensing")

labels["horse-hoarse"] = { Wikipedia = "horse–hoarse merger", display = "horse–hoarse merger", } generate_non("horse-hoarse")

labels["hurry-furry"] = { Wikipedia = "hurry-furry merger", display = "hurry–furry merger", } generate_non("hurry-furry")

labels["Inland Northern US"] = { aliases = {"Great Lakes", "Inland Northern", "Inland North", "Inland Northern American", "Inland Northern American English", "Inland Northern English", "Northern Cities Vowel Shift", "US Inland North", "northern cities vowel shift"}, Wikipedia = "Inland Northern American English", display = "Inland Northern American", }

labels["intrusive r"] = { Wikipedia = "Intrusive r", display = "intrusive r", } generate_non("intrusive r", "without intrusive r")

labels["l-vocalization"] = { aliases = {"l-vocalisation"}, Wikipedia = "L-vocalization#Modern English", display = "l-vocalization", } generate_non("l-vocalization")

labels["Latinate"] = { Wikipedia = "Latin#Phonology", }

labels["lot-cloth split"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "lot–cloth split", } generate_non("lot-cloth split")

labels["Mary-marry-merry"] = { aliases = {"Mmmm"}, Wikipedia = "Mary–marry–merry merger", display = "Mary–marry–merry merger", } generate_non("Mary-marry-merry") table.insert(labels["non-Mary-marry-merry"].aliases, "nMmmm")

labels["nt-flapping"] = { Wikipedia = "Flapping#Distribution", display = "nt-flapping", } generate_non("nt-flapping")

labels["paw-poor"] = { Wikipedia = "Paw–pour merger", display = "paw–poor merger", }

labels["pin-pen"] = { aliases = {"pen-pin"}, Wikipedia = "pin–pen merger", display = "pin–pen merger", }

labels["pour-poor"] = { aliases = {"poor-pour", "cure-force"}, Wikipedia = "Cure–force merger", display = "pour–poor merger", }

generate_non("pour-poor")

labels["r-dissimilation"] = { Wikipedia = "Dissimilation", display = "r-dissimilation", }

labels["rhotic"] = { Wikipedia = "Rhoticity in English", }

labels["non-rhotic"] = { aliases = {"nonrhotic"}, Wikipedia = "Rhoticity in English", }

labels["Received Pronunciation"] = { aliases = {"RP"}, Wikipedia = true, }

labels["show-sure"] = { Wikipedia = "Show-sure merger", display = "show–sure merger", }

labels["Standard Southern British English"] = { aliases = {"SSB", "SSBE", "Standard Southern British"}, Wikipedia = "Standard Southern British", display = "Standard Southern British", }

labels["stressed"] = { Wikipedia = "Stress and vowel reduction in English#Weak and strong forms of function words", display = "stressed form", }

labels["t-glottalization"] = { aliases = {"t-glottaling", "t-glottalisation"}, Wikipedia = "T-glottalization", display = "t-glottalization", } generate_non("t-glottalization")

labels["th-fronting"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "th-fronting", }

labels["th-stopping"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "th-stopping", }

labels["trap-bath split"] = { Wikipedia = true, display = "trap–bath split", } generate_non("trap-bath split")

labels["unstressed"] = { Wikipedia = "Stress and vowel reduction in English#Weak and strong forms of function words", display = "unstressed form", }

labels["weak vowel"] = { aliases = {"weak vowel merger"}, Wikipedia = "Weak vowel merger", display = "weak vowel merger", } generate_non("weak vowel", "weak vowel distinction")

labels["wine-whine"] = { Wikipedia = "wine–whine merger", display = "wine–whine merger", } generate_non("wine-whine")

labels["yod-coalescence"] = { aliases = {"yod coalescence"}, Wikipedia = true, }

labels["yod-dropping"] = { aliases = {"yod dropping"}, Wikipedia = true, }

labels["æ-tensing"] = { aliases = {"ae-tensing"}, Wikipedia = true, } generate_non("æ-tensing")

return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels)