Module:ru-verb/documentation

This documentation is for Module:ru-verb and for all the templates that use this module.

Introduction
Russian verbs are complex. This module is designed to allow all the complexities to be specified as easily as possible, following the scheme of. In general, the basic parameters to control the form of a verb are numbered parameters; named parameters control ancillary aspects such as overriding individual forms or adding footnotes. Examples: This specifies the conjugation of the verb, which is a perfective verb (code ), of verb class 1a (code  ), with a past passive participle (code  ). The meanings of the various verb classes are documented below under. This specifies the conjugation of the verb, which is an imperfective impersonal verb (code ), of verb class 5b (code  ), whose past tense is conjugated according to accent pattern c&#39;' (code  ). The meanings of the various past-tense accent patterns are documented below under. This specifies the conjugation of the verb, which is an imperfective intransitive verb (code ), of verb class 6°a (code  ). The present adverbial participle is irregular and needs to be specified explicitly (named parameter pradp). The various named parameters for overriding individual forms are documented below under.

Numbered parameters
All templates that use this module require the first, second and third parameters to be specified, and sometimes further parameters are required or optional.

The first parameter indicates the type of verb:
 * - imperfective, transitive (or reflexive if the infinitive is reflexive)
 * - perfective, transitive (or reflexive if the infinitive is reflexive)
 * - imperfective, intransitive (not allowed for reflexive verbs)
 * - perfective, intransitive (not allowed for reflexive verbs)
 * - imperfective, transitive (or reflexive if the infinitive is reflexive), impersonal
 * - perfective, transitive (or reflexive if the infinitive is reflexive), impersonal
 * - imperfective, intransitive (not allowed for reflexive verbs), impersonal
 * - perfective, intransitive (not allowed for reflexive verbs), impersonal

The second parameter is the verb class, e.g.  for verb class 1a. It can also support variant codes (see below), e.g.  for class 7b with past-tense stress pattern b, or   for class 4c with variant code   (which indicates a different stress pattern in the present active participle). Note that for classes with a ° sign in them, a  (lowercase O) can be used instead, e.g. for class 3°a the verb class code   can also be used in addition to  ; the latter is preferred.

The third parameter is the stressed infinitive, i.e. the full infinitive (including reflexive -ся or -сь if appropriate), with an acute accent placed on the stressed syllable. If the full infinitive is monosyllabic (e.g., , , etc.), the accent is optional. Note that if the infinitive is a suffix (e.g., , stressed , unstressed , etc.), the accent should be included or omitted as appropriate.

The fourth parameter is the present-tense stem, minus any endings such as -у/-ю, -ешь/-ишь, etc. It should be stressed if the stem is stressed in any present-tense forms (accent patterns a and c), otherwise unstressed. Generally, this should be included only if it's not predictable from the infinitive. For some verb classes, it's required, for others it's optional, for yet others it's not allowed. See the descriptions of individual verb classes for more information.

A few classes have an optional fifth parameter, which specifies the form of the past tense. The exact semantics are documented in the descriptions of individual verb classes.

In all cases, a blank parameter is equivalent to a missing parameter.

Named parameters
There are many named parameters used to override particular forms, supply alternative forms or control other aspects of the conjugation:
 * Parameters to override particular forms. These are documented below in . As above, a blank parameter is equivalent to a missing parameter. If you need to specifically specify that a form doesn't exist, when it would normally be created, set its value to.
 * The most commonly seen named parameter is the override parameter past_pasv_part or its alias ppp, which specifies the past passive participle form. Note that all verbs that have this participle need to explicitly specify it in one form or another, because it's unpredictable whether a given verb has such a participle; but it is now preferred to use variant codes, usually just, in place of explicitly specifying its value using an override.
 * Parameters for footnote symbols; see below.
 * Parameters to suppress parts of the conjugation and specify iterative verbs; see below.
 * ся́: Used for reflexive verbs that have a past masculine singular in stressed -ся́. Normally, unstressed -ся or -сь is automatically added to all active forms for reflexive verbs. If ся́ is given, then stressed -ся́ will instead be added to any past masculine singular form that lacks an accent.
 * asif_prefix: If specified, pretend as if this prefix is prepended to the verb when generating the verb forms. This is used when conjugating suffixes. For example, one of the variants of the suffix occurs particularly after the hushing consonants ш щ ч ж; to get the right verb forms for this suffix one needs to use a hushing consonant as an as-if-prefix, like this:
 * y, y: If specified, indicate that an intransitive verb has (respectively) a past passive participle or present passive participle.
 * y, y: If specified, indicate that an intransitive verb has (respectively) a past passive participle or present passive participle.

Past stress, imperative ending and other variant codes
Many verb classes take a variant-code parameter, which may control the stress in the past tense, the ending of the imperative and/or other things. The variant codes are specified as part of parameter 2, directly following the verb class. Past-stress variant codes need to have a slash before them, e.g.  for verb class   and past-stress variant. Other variant codes are attached directly without any separators, e.g.  for, which specifies verb class   with two variant codes:   (indicating that the first-person singular and past passive participle have щ rather than ч at the end of the stem) and   (indicating that the verb has a past passive participle). There is no order required for such variant codes;  is equally allowed. An example with three variant codes is  for, which specifies verb class   with past-stress variant   and additional variant codes   (indicating that the verb has a past passive participle) and   (indicating the the past passive participle's stem ends in жд rather than ж). As previously, the order of the variant codes is immaterial; for example,  would work equally as well.

Note that the  variant code indicating a longer prefix in the present/future tense (e.g. future 1sg.  from ) is handled specially. It is normally placed in the middle of the verb class (e.g.  or  ), and will only be recognized in this position or directly following the verb class (e.g.  ). The reason for this is that   is a valid past stress variant code, and the two uses of   would otherwise conflict.

The allowable codes differ from class to class and are specified in the documentation for the particular class, but are a subset of the following codes. When multiple codes need to be specified, just append them all together without spaces or other separators. Note that the particular form of the codes is chosen to be compatible with A. A. Zaliznyak's dictionaries.

Past stress variants
For the classes that allow the stress in the past tense to be specified, the following codes are allowed (using a prefixed derivative of as an example):
 * : -да́л, -да́ла, -да́ло, -да́ли
 * : -да́л, -дала́, -дало́, -дали́
 * (reflexive verbs): -дался́, -дала́сь, -дало́сь, -дали́сь
 * : -да́л, -дала́, -да́ло, -да́ли
 * : -́дал, -дала́, -́дало, -́дали (i.e. with stress on the prefix in most cases)
 * : -да́л, -да́ла, -да́ло/-дало́, -да́ли
 * (reflexive verbs): -да́лся/-дался́, -дала́сь, -дало́сь/-да́лось, -дали́сь/-да́лись (with a footnote indicating that -дался́ is dated)
 * (reflexive verbs): Same as  but the footnote says "is becoming dated" instead of "is dated"
 * (reflexive verbs): Same as  but without the "is dated" footnote
 * (reflexive verbs): -дался́/-́дался, -дала́сь, -дало́сь/-́далось, -дали́сь/-́дались (i.e. with stress on the prefix in some cases)

The past stress variant should be separated from the verb class by a slash, e.g..

A comma-separated list of codes is also possible, e.g.
 * : -́дал/-да́л, -дала́, -́дало/-да́ло, -́дали/-да́ли (i.e. with stress on the prefix in some cases)
 * : -да́л/-́дал, -дала́, -да́ло/-́дало, -да́ли/-́дали (i.e. with stress on the prefix in some cases)
 * (etc.)

When multiple codes are specified, duplicate forms will not appear.

The default for the past stress is.

Note that some of the above patterns call for stress on the prefix. Normally the last syllable is stressed (e.g. припо́д-), but пере- is stressed as пе́ре-, and рас and раз are converted into ро́с- and ро́з-.

Imperative ending
The following codes are allowed in classes that allow the imperative ending to be specified.
 * : Ending is -и in both singular and plural.
 * : If the stem ends in a consonant, ending is -ь in both singular and plural; else, -й in both singular and plural.
 * : Same as.
 * : Same as, but only allowed for verbs in вы́-.
 * : Ending is both -и and -ь/й in singular and plural.
 * : Ending is -и in singular but -ь/й in plural.
 * : Ending is both -и and -ь/й in singular, but -ь/й only in plural.

For verbs that use imperative-ending codes, the default ending is as follows:
 * If the stem ends in a vowel: -и́ for classes 4b and 4c, -и for class 4a if the stem begins in вы́-, else й
 * If the stem ends in a consonant: -и́ for classes b and c in general, else -и if the stem begins in вы́- or ends in two consonants or -щ (e.g. ), else -ь (e.g. )

Past passive participle
The following codes are used both for specifying that a verb has a past passive participle (PPP), and specifying how it is to be formed. Note that each particular verb class allows only some of these codes to be specified; the codes that are allowed are specified in the class's documentation. If none of,  ,  ,   and   is given, no PPP will exist. If none of these codes is given, the remaining codes  and   cannot be given, and no codes can be given for intransitive and reflexive verbs, which do not have PPP's.


 * : Allowed for all classes. Specifies that a PPP is to be formed the "normal" way (which depends on the particular class).
 * : For certain classes: Specify that a PPP is to be formed with stress on the ending (-а́нный, -я́нный, -ённый, -у́тый, etc.) instead of on the preceding syllable, where it normally would be.
 * : For certain classes: Specify that a PPP can be formed in two ways: the normal way with stress on the syllable preceding the ending, and also with stress on the ending, as in.
 * : For class 4b: Specify that a PPP is to be formed with stress on the syllable preceding the ending (-́енный) instead of on the ending (-ённый), where it normally would be.
 * : For class 4b: Specify that a PPP can be formed in two ways: the normal way with stress on ending (-ённый), and also with stress on the syllable preceding the ending (-́енный), as in.
 * : For the classes that allow code : Specify that an -е- changes into -ё- when the stress moves onto it. This is useful when the stem normally has ending stress but the PPP rules call for the stress to be on the preceding syllable; e.g. 1a, PPP ; 3b , PPP ; 5b , PPP . Not required or allowed in class 2 verbs in -ева́ть, which will automatically have -ёванный unless code   is used (note that verbs in -цева́ть will have -цо́ванный in the same circumstances).
 * : For class 4: Specify that a stem with final -д changes into -жд instead of iotating normally to -ж, e.g. 4b, PPP.

Other variants

 * : For class 4c and 5c: Present active participle ends in -́ящий (-́ащий for verbs ending in one of the hushing consonants ж ч ш щ), with stress on the final syllable of the stem, instead of the expected -я́щий/-а́щий with stress on the ending.
 * : For class 4c and 5c: Present active participle ends in both -́ящий/-́ащий and -я́щий/-а́щий.
 * : For class 3°a: Only long masc sg. past (with -ну-).
 * : For class 3°a: Both short and long masc. sg. past (with and without -ну-).
 * no  or  : For class 3°a: Only short masc sg. past (without -ну-).
 * : For class 3°a: Only long past active/adverbial participles (with -ну-).
 * : For class 3°a: Both short and long past active/adverbial participles (with and without -ну-).
 * no  or  : For class 3°a: Only short past active/adverbial participles (without -ну-).
 * : For class 3°a: Equivalent to.
 * : For class 7b: Past adverbial participle ends in -я́ (normally the present adverbial participle ending); the expected endings -(в)(ши) are dated.
 * : For class 4 and 6 whose stem ends in -т: Iotated version ends in -щ instead of -ч. Examples: class 4a, 1sg ; class 4b , 1sg ; class 4c , 1sg ; class 6c , 1sg.
 * : For class 9b and 11b: Present tense has an extra -о- at the end of the prefix. Examples: class 9b, 1sg ; class 11b , 1sg . The variation between рас-/разо-, ис-/изо-, and вс-/взо- is automatically handled. Note that the   variant code should normally be placed in the middle of the verb class (e.g.   or  ), and will only be recognized in this position or directly following the verb class (e.g.  ), to avoid a conflict with past stress variant.

Overrides and alternative forms
All forms can be overridden using override parameters. Each form except the infinitive has three alternatives that can be overridden, to specify up to four possibilities for each form. For example, the feminine singular past can be overridden using past_f, and the three alternatives can be overridden using past_f2, past_f3 and past_f4. Overriding the alternative forms is useful, for example, to add an alternative to the existing form or forms that are generated by the module. There is no problem if e.g. past_f3 has a value but past_f2 does not.

The following is the full list of forms:

Furthermore:
 * Intransitive verbs do not have passive participles.
 * Impersonal verbs have only the following forms:
 * Third-person singular present and future indicative
 * Neuter singular past indicative
 * Present and past passive participles
 * Infinitive

Participle aliases
The override parameters for participles are rather long, and shorter aliases are provided to make it easier to enter them:

The alternative parameters have similar short aliases, e.g. ppp2 is the same as past_pasv_part2.

Similar aliases are provided for the footnote parameters ending in  and  :
 * ppptail is the same as past_pasv_part_tail.
 * ppptailall is the same as past_pasv_part_tailall.
 * praptail is the same as pres_actv_part_tail.
 * praptailall is the same as pres_actv_part_tailall.
 * etc.

Specifying multiple conjugations
Some verbs can be conjugated according to more than one conjugation. This happens especially with verbs that can be either type 4b or 4c. It is possible to express this by following the numbered parameters for a conjugation with the word, followed by another conjugation (i.e. all numbered parameters except the first one corresponding to the verb type). Examples:



Suppressing parts of the conjugation and specifying iterative verbs
Some verbs are defective, i.e. they lack parts of the conjugation. You can specify that a particular form doesn't exist by setting its value to, e.g. - in a number of verbs. However, when an entire tense is missing, it can be more convenient to use one of the following parameters:
 * 1: No present tense.
 * 1: No future tense (e.g. ).
 * 1: No past tense (e.g. ).
 * 1: No imperative (e.g., ).

A special class of defective verbs are iterative verbs (also called frequentative), used to express the concept of doing an action repeatedly. These verbs are always imperfective and are found only in the infinitive and the past (i.e. they are missing the present, future and imperative). This can be specified using  (e.g., , ). In addition to disabling the missing forms, it places the verb into Category:Russian iterative verbs.

Manual transliteration
Currently, explicit manual transliteration can be specified in all subclasses of classes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Separate the Cyrillic and transliteration with a.

Example:



Note that manual transliteration is supported for all aspects of the classes that support it, including, among other things, manual overrides and automatic past passive participle generation, as shown by the examples.

Pre-reform conjugations
Pre-reform conjugations are specified using the template instead of, or by using y.

Footnote symbols
A system is in place for inserting usage notes into conjugation tables, in the form of footnotes. Footnote symbols attached to the end of a manual override are recognized automatically; they are automatically superscripted and do not interfere with linking. Examples of such symbols are,  ,   and various other ASCII symbols; numbers;  , which is automatically converted to a space; and most Unicode symbols ( ,  ,  ,  ,  , etc.). You can also attach these symbols using parameters such as pltail. The usage note itself is inserted using notes.


 * notes, notes2, notes3, ...
 * Usage note(s) to insert into the table. Footnote symbols at the beginning of the note are automatically superscripted.


 * pasttail
 * Specify text to append directly to the end of past-tense entries with more than one form (except those with explicit overrides). Normally used to add a footnote symbol to those entries, to add a usage note to alternate past-tense forms.


 * prestail
 * Same but for present-tense entries.


 * futrtail
 * Same but for future-tense entries.


 * imprtail
 * Same but for imperative entries.


 * parttail
 * Same but for participle entries.


 * pasttailall
 * Like pasttail but appends to all past-tense entries (except those with explicit overrides). Normally used to add a footnote symbol, in order to add a usage note about the past-tense forms.


 * prestailall
 * Same but for present-tense entries.


 * futrtailall
 * Same but for future-tense entries.


 * imprtailall
 * Same but for imperative entries.


 * parttailall
 * Same but for participle entries.


 * MAINFORM_tail
 * Append a footnote symbol to the last entry for a particular form. Note that this differs from pasttail, prestail, and futrtail in that it will be appended even if there's only one form. The possible values of MAINFORM are the same as for overrides, except that only main forms are recognized (e.g. use pres_1sg_tail, not pres_1sg2_tail).


 * MAINFORM_tailall
 * Same but append to all entries.


 * FORM_sym
 * Append a footnote symbol to the specified form. This differs from MAINFORM_tail in that FORM can be any value for which an override exists, including e.g. pres_1sg2_sym.

Handling exceptional verbs with normal present passive participles in classes without them
Class-4 verbs (in -ить) normally have rare and awkward present passive participles (e.g. of  and  of ) but some verbs have normal present passive participles (e.g.  of ). Similarly, class-6a verbs in -ать normally have no present passive participle, but some verbs have normal present passive participles (e.g. of ). You can specify that a present passive participle should be generated normally even if it normally would be missing or marked as awkward by using + or +.

Verb classes
Note that verb classes come in 3 stress patterns:
 * Pattern a: accent in the present/future is consistently on the stem
 * Pattern b: accent in the present/future is consistently on the endings
 * Pattern c: accent in the present/future is on the ending in the first singular, and otherwise on the stem

Verbs also come in two conjugations:
 * Conjugation I has third-person plural in -ут or -ют, and 2sg/3sg/1pl/2pl usually in -е- or -ё-.
 * Conjugation II has third-person plural in -ят, and 2sg/3sg/1pl/2pl in -и-.

Verbs come in 16 classes, plus some irregular variations. The 16 classes are as follows:

Class 1a

 * verbs in -ать/-ять (some in -еть), conjugation I, stress pattern a:
 * -ать (-аю, -ает)
 * -ять (-яю, -яет)
 * -еть (-ею, -еет)

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:
 * : and
 * : and
 * : and

Note that specifying - to indicate a missing past passive participle isn't necessary for imperfective verbs but is done in for clarity, since transitive imperfective verbs that were not formed by suffixing a perfective verb normally do have a past passive participle.

Class 2a

 * verbs in -овать/-евать, conjugation I, stress pattern a:
 * -овать (-ую, -ует/-уёт)
 * -евать (-юю, -юет/-юёт), (-ую, -ует/-уёт) (after ш, щ, ж, ч, ц)

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,   and. Note that  is not allowed but is automatic in verbs ending in -ева́ть, with participles in -ёванный, and is indicated in the title line of the declension table (verbs in -цева́ть have participles -цо́ванный and have the indication -о- in the title line).

Examples:
 * : and
 * : and
 * : and

Class 2b

 * verbs in -овать/-евать, conjugation I, stress pattern b:

Identical to class 2a except for the stress pattern.

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,   and. Note that  is not allowed but is automatic in verbs ending in -ева́ть, with participles in -ёванный, and is indicated in the title line of the declension table (verbs in -цевать have participles -цо́ванный and have the indication -о- in the title line).



Class 3a

 * verbs in -нуть, conjugation I, stress pattern a, long past-tense forms (including -ну-).

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are imperative-ending codes, as well as the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 3°a

 * verbs in -нуть, conjugation I, stress pattern a, short past-tense forms (lacking -ну-, except perhaps in the masculine singular).

Note that these verbs can use both  and   as the code.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are  or ,   or  , an imperative-ending code, as well as the past-passive-participle codes  ,  ,   and  ;   can be written and is equivalent to.

Examples:
 * Note that this verb has only short past masculine singular and only short past participles  (active) and  (adverbial), since it lacks any variant codes.
 * Note that this verb has only short past masculine singular (since it lacks   and  ) but both short and long past participles / (active) and // (adverbial), due to code.
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and only long past participles  (active) and / (adverbial) (code  ).
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and both short and long past participles / (active) and / (adverbial), due to code.
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and only long past participles  (active) and / (adverbial) (code  ).
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and both short and long past participles / (active) and / (adverbial), due to code.
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and both short and long past participles / (active) and / (adverbial), due to code.
 * Note that this verb has both short past masculine singular and long  (code  ), and both short and long past participles / (active) and / (adverbial), due to code.

Class 3b

 * verbs in -ну́ть, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 3c

 * verbs in -ну́ть, conjugation I, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 4a

 * verbs in -ить, conjugation II, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes,, an imperative-ending code, and the past-passive-participle codes  ,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 4b

 * verbs in -и́ть, conjugation II, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes,  and the past-passive-participle codes ,  ,   and.

Examples:



Class 4c

 * verbs in -и́ть, conjugation II, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes,, the present-active-participle codes   and  , and the past-passive-participle codes  ,  ,   and.

Examples:



(In the example above with, we request a normal present passive participle; otherwise, it would marked as "rare and awkward", as with .)

Class 4a//1a
Verbs of this class can have forms of either 4a or 1a, and use the code. All verbs of this type are derivatives of either or, and have alternative class-1a present and imperative forms (as well as perfective future forms) derived as if from ме́рять or му́чать. (These verbs actually exist and are colloquial alternatives, especially in the past and infinitive.) See verbal section 16 of A.A. Zaliznyak's book Грамматический Словарь Русского Языка, described on page 142 of the 1980 edition. The infinitive and past forms are identical for both classes.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

The allowed variants are the same as for class 4a (but щ and жд are never encountered).

Examples:

Class 5a

 * verbs in -еть (-ять after vowels, -ать after ш/щ/ч/ж), conjugation II, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past-stress codes, an imperative-ending code, and the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:
 * : or (impersonal)
 * : or (impersonal)
 * : or (impersonal)
 * : or (impersonal)
 * : or (impersonal)

Class 5b

 * verbs in -е́ть (-я́ть after vowels, -а́ть after ш/щ/ч/ж), conjugation II, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; should not have stress

Allowed variants (param 2) are past-stress codes, an imperative-ending code, and the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 5c

 * verbs in -е́ть (-я́ть after vowels, -а́ть after ш/щ/ч/ж, гнать exceptionally), conjugation II, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past-stress codes, an imperative-ending code, the present-active-participle codes  and , and the past-passive-participle codes  ,  ,   and.

Examples:

Note that specifying - to indicate a missing past passive participle isn't necessary for imperfective verbs but is done in and  for clarity, since transitive imperfective verbs that were not formed by suffixing a perfective verb normally do have a past passive participle.

Class 6a

 * verbs in -ать (-ять after vowels), iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past-stress codes, an imperative-ending code, and the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

(In the last example, we mark the past passive participle as nonexistent using - and request a normal present passive participle using +; otherwise, no present passive participle would be generated.)

Class 6°a

 * verbs in -ать, non-iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Note that these verbs can use both  and   as the code.

Examples:

Class 6b

 * verbs in -а́ть (-я́ть after vowels), iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; should not have stress

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress and the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 6°b

 * verbs in -а́ть, non-iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; should not have stress

Note that these verbs can use both  and   as the code.

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress and the past-passive-participle codes,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 6c

 * verbs in -а́ть (-я́ть after vowels), iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are, past stress, and the past-passive-participle codes  ,  ,   and.

Examples:

Class 6°c

 * verbs in -ать, non-iotated present tense without -а, conjugation I, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem, if different from the infinitive stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Note that these verbs can use both  and   as the code.

All verbs in this class are derivatives of.

Examples:

Class 6a//1a and 6c//1a, §13
Verbs of this class can have forms of either 6a/6c or 1a, and use the codes  (because there is another 6a//1a variant) and.

Section 13 refers to a notation in A.A. Zaliznyak's book Грамматический Словарь Русского Языка, described on page 141 of the 1980 edition. The infinitive and past forms are identical for both classes. In the finite present (or perfective future) tense and the present active participle, the class 6 forms are preferred and the class 1a forms are considered colloquial. In the remaining present participles and the imperative, forms of both classes are equally preferred.

Parameters are as in class 6a or 6c.

Examples:

Class 6a//1a and 1a//6a, §14
Verbs of this class can have forms of either 6a or 1a, and use the codes  (because there is another 6a//1a variant) and.

Section 14 refers to a notation in A.A. Zaliznyak's book Грамматический Словарь Русского Языка, described on page 141 of the 1980 edition. The infinitive and past forms are identical for both classes. In the present adverbial participle and imperative, the class 1 forms are preferred and the class 6 forms are dated. In the remainder of the present (and perfective future), forms of one class or the other are slightly preferred: class 6 for 6a//1a, class 1 for 1a//6a.

Parameters are as in class 6a.

Examples:

Class 7a

 * verbs in -сти/сть, -зти/-зть, present tense stem ending in various consonants, conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated; multiple stems can be specified, separated by commas
 * 5 (optional): the past stem; needs to have the stress indicated; normally should be omitted, and defaults to the infinitive (but ending in д, т, с, з, б or ст of the present stem, except in verbs in -сть where the present stem ends in д or т, in which case the default value ends in a vowel)

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes, imperative-ending codes,  and the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 7b

 * verbs in -сти́/сть, -зти́/-зть, present tense stem ending in various consonants, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem; should not have stress; multiple stems can be specified, separated by commas
 * 5 (optional): the past stem; needs to have the stress indicated; normally should be omitted, and defaults to the infinitive (but ending in д, т, с, з, б or ст of the present stem, except in verbs in -сть where the present stem ends in д or т, in which case the default value ends in a vowel); the special argument ёе should be used if the past tense masculine singular has ё in it but the past active and adverbial participles have е

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes,  and the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 8a

 * verbs in -чь, present tense in -г-/-к- (iotated to -ж-/-ч- in the 2sg/3sg/1pl/2pl), conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem, in non-iotated form; needs to have the stress indicated
 * 5 (optional): the stressed past stem, used for the masculine singular past and as the stem of past participles; needs to have the stress indicated, defaults to the present stem

The default for the present passive participle, present adverbial participle, and short past adverbial participle are blank, and will need to be specified with overrides if they exist.

Examples:

Class 8b

 * verbs in -чь, present tense in -г-/-к- (iotated to -ж-/-ч- in the 2sg/3sg/1pl/2pl), conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem, in non-iotated form; should not have stress
 * 5 (optional): one or more stressed past stems separated by commas, used for the masculine singular past and as the stem of past participles; needs to have the stress indicated, defaults to the present stem with the last vowel stressed (actually to the special value ё, see below)

For the stressed past stem (param 5), the special arguments ё, е or ёе can be used in conjunction with verbs whose infinitive ends in -ечь. The argument ё is the default, and indicates that the stressed past stem should have ё in place of the last е. The argument е contrarily indicates that the stressed past stem should have е́, and the argument ёе indicates that the stressed past stem should have ё in the masculine singular past but е́ in the past active and adverbial participles.

The default for the present passive participle, present adverbial participle, and short past adverbial participle are blank, and will need to be specified with overrides if they exist.

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 9a

 * verbs in -ереть, present tense in -р- (no root vowel), conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

These verbs only occur in the perfective.

Examples:

Class 9b

 * verbs in -ере́ть, present tense in -р- (no root vowel), conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; should not have stress
 * 5 (optional): the past participle stem, minus -ши(й); needs to have the stress indicated; used for the past active and adverbial participles, defaults to the value of past_m; multiple stems can be specified, separated by commas

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes, the past-passive-participle code  and the long prefix code.

The default for the present passive participle, present adverbial participle, and (in the imperfect) the short past adverbial participle are blank, and will need to be specified with overrides if they exist.

Examples:

Class 10a

 * verbs in -олоть or -ороть, conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,   and.

These verbs only occur in the perfective.

Examples:

Class 10c

 * verbs mostly in -оло́ть or -оро́ть, conjugation I, stress pattern c.


 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle codes,   and.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Class 11a

 * verbs in -ить, present tense in -ью/-ьет, conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

These verbs only occur in the perfective.

Examples:

Class 11b

 * verbs in -и́ть, present tense in -ью́/-ьёт, conjugation I, stress pattern b.


 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; should not have stress

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes, the past-passive-participle code  and the long prefix code.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Class 12a

 * verbs in a single-syllable root ending in a vowel, usually infinitive -ыть (present tense -о́ю) or -уть (present tense -у́ю), conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 12b

 * (пою́, поёт), (гнию́, гниёт) and derivatives, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (optional): the present stem; should not have stress

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Class 13b

 * verbs in -ава́ть (present tense -аю́, -аёт), conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 14a

 * one verb (present tense вы́жму, вы́жмет), conjugation I, stress pattern a.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

Example (only one):

Class 14b

 * verbs in a single-syllable root ending in infinitive -ать or -ять, present tense in -н- or -м- (no root vowel) or in -им-, conjugation I, stress pattern b.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem; should not have stress

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Class 14c

 * verbs in a single-syllable root ending in infinitive -ать or -ять, present tense in -н- or -м- (no root vowel) or in -им-, conjugation I, stress pattern c.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive
 * 4 (required): the present stem; needs to have the stress indicated

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Class 15a

 * verbs in a single-syllable root, present tense in full root plus -н-, conjugation I, stress pattern a. All verbs are derivatives of, , , or.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are the past-passive-participle code.

The default for the present passive and present adverbial participle is blank, and will need to be specified with overrides if they exist.

Examples:

Class 16a

 * verbs in a single-syllable root, present tense in full root plus -в-, conjugation I, stress pattern a. All verbs begin with and are perfective.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

Examples:

Class 16b

 * verbs in a single-syllable root, present tense in full root plus -в-, conjugation I, stress pattern b. All verbs are derivatives of, , or.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes and the past-passive-participle code.

The default for the present passive participle is blank, and will need to be specified with an override if it exists.

Examples:

Irregular verbs
There are numerous irregular verbs that don't fit into the above classes. All of them use class. The following is the full list of irregular main verbs supported (prefixed and reflexive variants are also supported):


 * and verbs in
 * (and derivatives such as, )
 * and derivatives
 * and verbs in
 * (and derivatives such as, )
 * and derivatives
 * and verbs in
 * (and derivatives such as, )
 * and derivatives
 * and verbs in
 * (and derivatives such as, )
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives
 * and derivatives

Note that pre-reform verbs such as still must be invoked using  (not ) despite the fact that the spelling itself indicates a pre-reform verb.

Parameters:
 * 3 (required): the stressed infinitive

Allowed variants (param 2) are past stress codes for the verbs, , and derivatives, and   for , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  and derivatives; otherwise, no variant codes are allowed.

Examples: