Reconstruction:Proto-Berber/a-lɣəm

Etymology
Widely considered to be a metathesis of an early borrowing ultimately from language, with the form *gamal; compare 🇨🇬. The intermediate is unknown, and Kossmann (2005) raises several formal problems, beyond just metathesis, with the common suggestions of 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) camel

Reconstruction notes
Kossmann (2005) suggests that the labialization may point to an original *a-lɣŭm. Kossmann (2013) also suggests *a-ləɣəm as an alternate solution to the consonant cluster.

Descendants

 * Descendants of the form *a-ḷəm:


 * Adagh
 * Sedentary dialects:
 * Adagh
 * Sedentary dialects:
 * Adagh
 * Sedentary dialects:
 * Sedentary dialects:


 * Descendants of the form *a-l(ə)ɣ(ʷ)əm:




 * Descendants that may belong to either of the above forms:




 * Descendants of the form *a-ɣlam:




 * Borrowings that may be direct from Berber:




 * Borrowings that are likely indirectly from Berber, through uncertain intermediates (with multiple levels of borrowing in the case of nativized forms that now refer to the horse):




 * Likely borrowing into Mande, the origin of which is uncertain but possibly Zenaga: