Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-pa

Etymology 1
From.

Reconstruction
Four allomorphs can be distinguished:, were used after stressed syllables, ,  after unstressed ones; ,  were used in words with back vowel harmony, ,  in words with front vowel harmony.

Suffix

 * 1) -ing;

Descendants

 * (also in relics)
 * (also in relics)
 * (also in relics)
 * (also in relics)

Etymology 2
Often connected with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, which have a solid Indo-European etymology (🇨🇬; further compare e.g., ultimately from , but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.