Reconstruction:Proto-Hmong-Mien/dup

Etymology
Related to, though the direction of borrowing is under debate. Schuessler considers the Chinese term a Hmong-Mien borrowing, while Ratliff considers the opposite.

Descendants

 * Hmongic
 * Pa Hng
 * Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: tu⁴²
 * Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: tʰu³¹
 * North Hmongic
 * West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: tei⁴⁴
 * East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: nuŋ³⁵
 * East Hmongic
 * North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: tə³¹
 * East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: teu¹³
 * South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: neu³⁵
 * West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: pua¹³teu⁵³
 * Sheic
 * Younuo 优诺: pə⁰³to²¹
 * Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: to¹²
 * Bana 巴那: to⁵³
 * She - Xiashuicun 下水村: ta⁰³tʰɔ³⁵
 * West Hmongic
 * Bunu
 * Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: tu²¹
 * Nunu - Xishan 西山: ku²²tʰu²²
 * Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: tɯ⁴²
 * Core
 * East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: qo⁰⁵ʁo²⁴
 * West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: ʔə⁰²no³¹
 * Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: tə⁵⁵
 * Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: tu²¹
 * A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: dau⁵³
 * Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: tou²⁴
 * Mienic
 * Mien
 * Guangdian (Jiangdi): top¹²
 * Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): təu²¹
 * Kim Mun
 * Diangui (Liangzi): tap²¹bei⁵⁴⁵
 * Fanghai (Tansan): ʔtɔp³²bei⁵⁵
 * Biao Mon
 * Changping: təp²¹
 * Luoxiang: top³²
 * Biao Min
 * Dongshan: ȶʰən⁴²
 * Shikou: tə²²
 * Niuweizhai: tʰwa⁵³
 * Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴tup²²
 * Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴tup²²