Reconstruction:Proto-Hmong-Mien/ntshjamˣ

Etymology
Compare : 🇨🇬.

Descendants

 * Hmongic
 * Pa Hng
 * Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: ȵ̥ei³¹
 * Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: ȵtɕʰe³¹³
 * North Hmongic
 * West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: ȵtɕʰi⁴⁴
 * East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: tsʰi⁵⁵
 * East Hmongic
 * North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ɕʰaŋ³⁵
 * East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ɕan³³
 * South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: sam⁵³
 * West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ɕʰẽ¹³
 * Sheic
 * Younuo 优诺: tsʰun³³
 * Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: θi⁵³
 * Bana 巴那: biŋ⁴⁴
 * She - Xiashuicun 下水村: si⁵⁵
 * West Hmongic
 * Bunu
 * Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: ntsʰəŋ⁵³
 * Nunu - Xishan 西山: səŋ³⁵
 * Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: ntsʰan¹³
 * Core
 * East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
 * West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
 * Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: nsʰõ¹³
 * Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: ntsua²³²
 * A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ɳtʂʰaɯ⁵⁵
 * Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: ntʂʰaŋ⁵⁵
 * Mienic
 * Mien
 * Guangdian (Jiangdi): dzjaːm⁵²
 * Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): dzjaŋ⁵³
 * Kim Mun
 * Diangui (Liangzi): saːm⁴³
 * Fanghai (Tansan): ɕaːm⁴²
 * Biao Mon
 * Changping: dzjam⁵³
 * Luoxiang: ɕam⁵³
 * Biao Min
 * Dongshan: san³⁵
 * Shikou: tɕʰan³⁵
 * Niuweizhai: tɕʰan³⁵
 * Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴dzjɛm²⁴