Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésh₂r̥

Alternative reconstructions

 * *ésh₂r̥
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r̥

Reconstruction
On the basis of plene spelling in Hittite, Melchert (1984: 92) reconstructs the form which is refuted by Kloekhorst (2008: 259).

The full-grade suffix syllable is visible in Latin (< ). Sanskrit is a secondary innovation and not evidence for PIE  with zero grade in the suffix syllable and accented full grade in the ending. Also Hittite genitive singular rather reflects PIE  with secondary hysterodynamic accentuation of an original proterodynamic word (similar to  and ).

Noun

 * 1)  (flowing) blood

Usage notes
PIE distinguished two roots for “blood”, depending on whether it was found inside the body or outside. The former was, the latter. The lexical distinction between the two is argued to indicate two distinct metaphorical sets, which have been preserved in various derivatives and extensions in the daughters.

The root has been associated with the notion of life-giving bodily fluid, and also with the patrilineal line in kinship terminology.

On the other hand, the root yielded words signifying aggression (e. g. in derivatives such as Latin  and Ancient Greek ) and dying, seen metaphorically in terms for the hardening (or freezing) of “outside blood” (e. g. in derivatives such as Latin, Old Irish , Latvian  and Ancient Greek ). The semantic field was thus associated with wounding, death, and drying out or hardening of the body.

Derived terms

 * *h₁sh₂én-ih₂ ~ *h₁sh₂n̥-yéh₂-s
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m
 * *h₁ḗsh₂r-no-m