Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/teh₂g-

Root 1

 * 1) to touch
 * 2) to grasp, take with the hand

Reconstruction notes
Attempts have been made to connect this set with 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬,, which eo ipso point to  (or /, which would appear to violate the constraint that prohibits PIE roots of the shape ); the initial stop in Germanic and the vowel in Tocharian preclude any regular derivation from  or. Hamp, in an effort to explain both problems at once, has suggested a root as the source of all of these terms, with zero-grade, which he assumes in pre-Germanic assimilated to , as the source of forms with /a/ (< *[ə]). However, this leaves Greek /a/ (zero vowel expected) and the long vowel in 🇨🇬 unexplained. Mottausch's solution is to assume the reduplicated form gave rise to pre-Germanic, with regular deletion of an interconsonantal laryngeal in an unstressed syllable plus voicing assimilation, which was back-formed to  to restore normal reduplication (paralleling PIE  >  > ); the Tocharian may tentatively be grouped under the same formation. Per Kortlandt, the Germanic long may thus have developed from dissimilation of this  to glottalic  (cf.  >  >, , ). Kroonen upholds this derivation although notes the great difficulties involved. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of from iterative  (cf.  ⇒ ). Ringe contends that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.

Derived terms
Verbs:
 * *té-th₂g-e-ti
 * *te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr
 * Old
 * *tóh₂g-e-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr
 * Old
 * *tóh₂g-e-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * Old
 * *tóh₂g-e-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *tóh₂g-e-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * or
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *téh₂g-se-ti
 * *téh₂g-se-ti

Nominal formations:
 * *téh₂g-slo-s
 * *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥
 * *téh₂g-slo-s
 * *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥
 * *téh₂g-slo-s
 * *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥
 * *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥
 * *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥


 * Unsorted formations:

Root 2

 * 1) to order, arrange; to establish
 * 2) to command, rule

Reconstruction notes
In view of reflexes which show a short vowel /a/, LIV prefers a reconstruction with the marginal, controversial phoneme. Beekes finds no issue with, so long as the 🇨🇬 descendant lost its laryngeal due to Lubotsky's law in Indo-Iranian ( > ). Both sources agree however that the long vowel in 🇨🇬 is unexpected.

Perhaps originally the same root as. (See the meanings of, and for a parallel semantic development compare > .)

Derived terms
Verbs:

Nominal formations:
 * *th₂g-éh₂
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s
 * *téh₂g-yu-s