Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)

Derivative: 🇨🇬.

Compare 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬, 🇨🇬); also compare: 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) bitter
 * 2) bile
 * 3) liver

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:  (B-S),  (ZS) ("bitter; a bitter plant");  (B-S, unlisted),  (ZS) ("difficult, hardship");   (B-S);  (ZS) ("liver")
 * Middle Chinese: ,




 * Modern Mandarin
 * Beijing: (kǔ, ),  (gān, )
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Bodic
 * Tibetan
 * Written ,
 * Northern
 * Naic:
 * Naish:
 * Nungish:
 * Trung/Drung/Dulong:
 * Sal
 * Bodo-Garo
 * Deori
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Loloish
 * Northern Loloish
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Central Loloish
 * Lisu (Northern):
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Loloish
 * Northern Loloish
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Central Loloish
 * Lisu (Northern):
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Lisu (Northern):
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)