Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ


 * ¶ Not to be confused with .

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *k-m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *m-raŋ ⪤ s-raŋ (Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972).

Similar roots also exist in other families in the region, cf. According to, Proto-Mon-Khmer and Proto-Tibeto-Burman forms *m-raŋ and Old Chinese *mraʔ all descended from a plurisyllabic *mraŋ of unknown origin; further cf.
 * Languages of Southeast Asia
 * Proto-Tai:, a loan from Middle Chinese, whence Thai , Lao (Pittayaporn, 2009)
 * Proto-Hmong:, possibly a loan from some Tibeto-Burman language
 * Proto-Mon-Khmer:, Shorto #707;
 * Languages of Northeast Asia
 * Mongolian:
 * Manchu:
 * Korean:
 * Japanese:
 * Ainu:
 * Nivkh:.

Compare also 🇨🇬 > English, 🇨🇬 > Irish ,  māv ("horse"), and 🇨🇬.

contended that Proto-Sino-Tibetan lacked an original word for "horse" owing to these reasons:
 * Horses' remains appeared late in archaelogical records from East Asia;
 * A root verb *√raŋ might have yielded various indigenous derivations accounting for the attested forms: prefixation with nominalizers *m- (> Taraon: mɑ31 ɹoŋ55; Sak: məráŋ; Japhug mbro) or *s- (> Chepang sĕraŋ, Bunan ʂaŋs) or ∅ (> Lai Hakha ràŋ).
 * The word in some branches may be a result of "secondary spread of domesticated horses within the family". While the forms of some branches exhibit regular sound correspondence, irregular forms like Jingpo kum31 ʒa31 and OC 馬 *mˤraʔ lack nasal endings, indicating that these might've been loaned from a different Sino-Tibetan source language wherein [mraŋ]'s rhyme had become [mrã].

Written Tibetan is from a different proto-Tibeto-Burman source  and is hence unrelated.



Noun

 * 1) horse

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:  (B-S),  (ZS) ("horse")
 * (in the oracle bone script) 馬-oracle.svg
 * Middle Chinese:
 * → 🇨🇬 (Pittayaporn, 2009)
 * Modern Mandarin:
 * Beijing:
 * Wu:
 * Shanghai:  (colloquial),  (literary)
 * Cantonese:
 * Guangzhou:
 * Min:
 * Amoy:  (colloquial),  (literary)
 * Kamarupan
 * North Assam
 * Deng
 * Kuki-Chin: *raŋ ("horse")
 * Central Chin
 * Maraic
 * Lakher [Mara]:
 * "Naga"
 * Northern Naga
 * Wancho:
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Bodic
 * Tibetan
 * Written
 * Western Himalayish
 * Zhang-Zhung:
 * Kanauri:
 * Pattani [Manchati]:
 * Mahakiranti
 * Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
 * Tangut-Qiang
 * Qiangic
 * Qiang (Longxi):
 * Qiang (Mawo):
 * Qiang (Mianchi):
 * Queyu (Xinlong):
 * Shixing:
 * Zhaba (Daofu County):
 * rGyalrongic
 * Jingpho-Nung-Asakian
 * Jingpho
 * Nungic
 * Nung:
 * Asakian
 * Sak:
 * Tujia
 * Tujia:
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese:
 * ("horse") (Matisoff, 2003)
 * Burmish
 * Achang (Longchuan):
 * Written ,
 * Modern Burmese (Rangoon): ("horse")
 * Pela:
 * Lhao Vo:
 * Zaiwa:
 * Loloish:
 * ("horse") (Bradley, 1979)
 * Northern Loloish
 * Nusu (Central):
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Central Loloish
 * Yi (Sani):
 * Southern Loloish
 * Naxi
 * Na (Yongning):
 * Baic
 * Bai:
 * Northern Loloish
 * Nusu (Central):
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Central Loloish
 * Yi (Sani):
 * Southern Loloish
 * Naxi
 * Na (Yongning):
 * Baic
 * Bai:
 * Bai: