Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-ʔa

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔraɣ (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-ʔa (Matisoff, STEDT); *(m-)a (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; French, 1983); *(m-)ɑ (Chou, 1972); *(m-)a(*C) (Coblin, 1986)

Adjective

 * 1) dumb, mute

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:  (B-S);  (ZS) ("mute, dumb")
 * Middle Chinese:
 * Modern Mandarin
 * Beijing:, )
 * Jingpho-Asakian
 * Jingpho
 * Jingpho [Kachin]:
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Written
 * (Bradley, 1979)