Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-sin

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)

Root

 * 1) liver
 * 2) bitter
 * 3) bile

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:  (B-S),  (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")
 * Middle Chinese:


 * Modern Mandarin
 * Beijing: (xīn, )
 * Kamarupan
 * Kuki-Chin
 * (VanBik, 2009)
 * Northern Chin
 * Tedim:
 * Sizang
 * Central Chin
 * Lushai [Mizo]:
 * Lai:
 * Falam Chin:
 * Southern Chin
 * Chinbon Chin:
 * Daai Chin:
 * Nga La:
 * Maraic
 * Zotung Chin:
 * Naga
 * Central Naga:
 * Ao:
 * Lotha Naga:
 * Sangtam:
 * Western Naga (Zemeic):
 * Zeme:
 * Rongmei:
 * Tangkhulic
 * Tangkhul:
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Bodic
 * Tibetan
 * Written ,
 * Western Himalayish
 * Bunan:
 * Chaudangsi:
 * Kanauri:
 * Rongpo:
 * Tamangish
 * Manang:
 * Newar
 * Newar:
 * Kham-Magar-Chepang
 * Chepang:
 * Tangut-Qiang
 * Qiangic
 * Ersu:
 * Pumi
 * Northern Pumi:
 * Southern Pumi:
 * Qiang
 * Northern Qiang:
 * Southern Qiang:
 * Queyu:
 * Zhaba
 * Naic
 * Namuyi:
 * Shixing:
 * Naxi:
 * Gyalrong
 * Japhug:
 * Nungic
 * Anong:
 * Drung:
 * Rawang:
 * Jingpho-Asakian
 * Jingpho
 * Jingpho [Kachin]: ,
 * Asakian
 * Sak:
 * Ganan:
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * (Matisoff, 2003)
 * Burmish
 * Achang:
 * Pela:
 * Hpon:
 * Zaiwa:
 * Lhao Vo:
 * Loloish
 * (Bradley, 1979)
 * Northern Loloish
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Central Loloish
 * Lisu (Southern):, sometimes also
 * Jinuo:
 * Southern Loloish
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Central Loloish
 * Lisu (Southern):, sometimes also
 * Jinuo:
 * Southern Loloish
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Southern Loloish
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * Southeastern Loloish
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)
 * (Luangthongkum, 2013)