Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ma

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *mjaɣ (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ma (Matisoff, STEDT; LaPolla, 1987)

Possible derivative:.

Adverb

 * 1) no, not, negative, not have, none

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:
 * (B-S; ZS) ("not have")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("not, no")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("do not")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("not, don't")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("not yet, haven't")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("not, no")
 * (B-S; ZS) ("not have; to flee, to disappear, to die")
 * ＞  ("no, not"),   ("to waste (a land)"),   ("to lose, to die"),   ("to lose, to abandon, to forget")
 * (ZS) ("to end, to disappear, to drown")
 * (B-S); (ZS) ("none, nobody, nothing; do not; cannot")
 * Middle Chinese:, , , , , , , , , , , ,
 * Modern Mandarin
 * Beijing: all of the above, in particular:
 * (méi,, "not, haven't, none, nothing")
 * (wú,, "not have, un-")
 * and perhaps (ma,, "interrogative particle")
 * 什 麽 (shénme,, "what")
 * Cantonese
 * Guangzhou: all of the above, also:
 * ("not")
 * ("not, haven't, none, nothing")
 * ("not yet")
 * ("what")
 * Wu
 * Shanghai: all of the above, also:
 * (obsolete),  ("not have, not, no")
 * ("not, no")
 * Min
 * Min Nan
 * Taiwan: all of the above, in particular:
 * ("not, no") (colloquial)
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Bodic
 * Tibetan
 * Written, , ,
 * Mahakiranti
 * Kiranti
 * Eastern Kiranti = Rai
 * Tangut-Qiang
 * rGyalrongic
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Loloish
 * Northern Loloish
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Loloish
 * Northern Loloish
 * Yi (Liangshan):
 * Yi (Liangshan):