Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s(j)am-s

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *sjəm (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s(y)am-s (Matisoff, STEDT); *səm (French, 1983); *sam (Coblin, 1986; Michailovsky, 1991)

Noun

 * 1) soul, mind, spirit
 * 2) heart
 * 3) breath, voice

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:  (B-S),  (ZS) ("heart, mind")
 * Middle Chinese:


 * Mandarin
 * Beijing: (xīn, )
 * Cantonese
 * Guangzhou:
 * Wu
 * Shanghai:
 * Min
 * Min Nan
 * Taiwan:
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Bodic
 * Tibetan
 * Written, ,
 * Tamangic
 * ,, (Mazaudon, 1994)
 * Kiranti
 * ("breath, lung") (Michailovsky, 1991)
 * Jingpho-Asakian
 * Jingpho
 * Jingpho [Kachin]: nsen
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish