Reconstruction talk:Proto-Indo-European/ǵónu

Albanian and Celtic
Both Orel (Albanian Etymological Dictionary, p. 137, Brill:2008) and Demiraj (Albanian Inherited Lexicon, available online ATM) derive the Albanian from from this PIE word, and point to dissimilation parallel in Old Irish. On Celtic *glūnos- Matasović (Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 162, Brill:2009) says:

"The transformation of PIE *ǵonu- into PCelt. *gnūnos > Olr. glún is difficult to understand, but the etymology is beyond doubt. Long *ū might reflect the old dual ending in *-uh₁, and the cluster *gl- arose from *gn- in the zero-grade of the PIE root (the same change occurred, independently, in Albanian, cf. Alb. < *glun-). The first element of the compound attested in the Brit. languages is the word for 'head' (*kʷenno-). Probably *kʷenno-gnūnos referred originally to knee-caps only (cf. the parallelism with the Eng. compound knee-cap)."

This are all recent, authoritative sources which we cannot ignore. --Ivan Štambuk 06:13, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Is this word related with *ǵneH- (> know, recognize)?
I was wondering whether the PIE words for knee and know are related somehow? I appreciate that they don't have exactly the same form, but it's still too suspicious to just disregard any possibility of connection...
 * Not related, no. They're different root-wise and have nothing whatsoever in common semantically. —CodeCat 19:01, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

Dual and instrumental

 * The dual and instrumental look to be and, respectively. The instrumental comes from the Hittite, which is otherwise unfamiliar to me. Thoughts? --Victar (talk) 01:06, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I guess the question is which of the ablaut grades appears in the nominative dual. It's the same as the singular according to Ringe. I have no idea about the instrumental, but what's the -t? —Rua (mew) 11:33, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Rua has the right question: where's the *-t from? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 00:00, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure to the PIE origin of the Hittite instrumental -- Kloekhorst and Kroonen do not specify. --Victar (talk) 01:16, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I get the impression that the Anatolian instrumental in -(i)t is an innovation. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 20:40, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Kroonen's etymology for PGmc could be wrong. What about the dual? --Victar (talk) 20:55, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I know what the question is foe the dual. Are you asking about the *-h₁, which is normally thought to be the athematic dual ending? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 21:09, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Leiden (De Vaan, Kroonen, and Matasović) reconstructs the dual as and we reconstruct it as . --Victar (talk) 21:16, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oooooooh! Well, corresponds exactly with  as in . I misspoke earlier, as the Erlangen model reconstructs the nominative dual as -ih₁ with the same grade as the nominative singular. Is Latin the only descendant of the proposed dual ? I don't have the skill to interpret the Tocharian data and Adams is not that helpful. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 21:27, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * We have *ǵénuh₁ > 🇨🇬 and *ǵnuh₁-nó-s > 🇨🇬. The Latin could be instead from the instr.sg. *ǵénuh₁, and the PCelt could be from plural *ǵónuh₂, but the sources cite the dual. --Victar (talk) 22:00, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not really sure what to say from here. The normal assumption is that all the nominatives of an athematic paradigm share a grade and that, if the root is *o-grade, it's acrostatic. This term has a bewildering number of different outcomes, which seem to point to multiple different inflections, so...I dunno? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 00:24, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, if we're holding to the paradigm tables here being correct, I'm going to assume that Leiden is incorrect, and use the alternative derivations I made above. --Victar (talk) 03:02, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Geneva and Genoa
Delamarre, Dictionaire de la langue gauloise, derives Geneva and Genoa from Gaulish genaua ‘embouchure’, from PIE *ǵénus ‘cheek, jaw, chin’, rather than from *ǵónu. --Caoimhin (talk) 19:18, 20 April 2018 (UTC)