Sài Gòn

Etymology
.

The original toponym behind Sài Gòn, was attested earliest as, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are and  respectively, in 's  (撫邊雜錄 "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier", c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince  was installed as  in 柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.

also appears later in 's ' (嘉定城通志 "Comprehensive Records about the ", c. 1820), Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư (南國地輿教科書 "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country", 1908'''), etc.

's Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine (1688−1823), "Documents Historiques II: 1728 - 1771" (1924: 190) cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon").

It is probably a transcription of, or.

The proposal that Sài Gòn is from (e.g. by  and, etc.) has been critiqued as folk-etymological, as: (1) Garnier states that the Chinese settlement Tai-ngon or Tin-gan (i.e. 堤岸 Đê Ngạn ~ Đề Ngạn) – the Chinese name for  – was found in 1778, yet the underlying toponym had possibly been known to Vietnamese as early as 1674, transcribed as , then preserved in  (c. 1776); (2) 堤岸 has variant form 提岸, thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to, not originals of, Sài Gòn.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Saigon
 * 2)  Ho Chi Minh City
 * 3)  that rises near Phum Daung in southeastern Cambodia and empties into the Nhà Bè River, which in its turn empties into the East Sea northeast of the Mekong Delta.
 * 4) A train station in Ward 3, Ho Chi Minh City

Descendants

 * Chinese:
 * Japanese:
 * Japanese:
 * Japanese:
 * Japanese: