Template:it-verb/documentation

Usage
This template is designed for the lemma of all Italian verbs. Only use this template for the verb's lemma entry. For non-lemma forms, use.

This template should be placed in all Italian verb sections, immediately following the ===Verb=== section header. It provides the inflection line for the entry. The template also automatically categorizes the entry in Category:Italian verbs and the appropriate category for the auxiliary, e.g. Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary.

As with other Wiktionary inflection templates, please do not use .

Quick Reference (Tokens)
Various tokens used by the template.

Regular -are verbs
This template normally takes a single parameter, which specifies the auxiliary as well as the first singular present indicative, first singular past historic, and past participle. If you are not sure of the correct conjugation, you can leave out all parameters, and the headword will not have any inflected forms specified. However, this is not recommended.

For regular -are verbs, the parameter normally takes the form AUX/VOWEL, where AUX is either  for avere or   for essere, and VOWEL (termed a single-vowel spec) is the stressed vowel in the present singular with the appropriate stress mark (acute or grave) added to indicate the vowel quality (i.e. it should be one of  ). For example, for, use the following:

which produces

Note that all the verb forms in the headword include an accent specifying the stress as well as the quality of stressed e and o, even though Italian normally does not mark the stress or quality except when the stress is word-final. Accordingly, the verb forms are linked using the appropriate standard spelling without the extra stress marks.

If the last two vowels of the stem are the same, add  after the vowel to specify that the leftmost of the two vowels (i.e. the antepenultimate) is stressed, and   to indicate that the rightmost of the two vowels (the penultimate) is stressed. For example, for, use the following:

which produces

Meanwhile, for, use:

which produces

If the third-from-last written vowel is stressed, as in, use  after the vowel:

which produces

Regular -ire verbs
For regular -ire verbs that do not take the -isc- infix, use the same form as for -are verbs. For example, for, present tense io pàrto, use:

which produces

For regular -ire verbs that take the -isc- infix, use  in place of the vowel spec. For example, for, present tense io punìsco, use:

which produces

Regular -ere verbs
For regular -ere verbs stressed as -ére, use the same form as above. For example, for, present tense io témo, use:

which produces

Note that both alternative past historic forms are given in the output by default.

For regular -ere verbs stressed on the stem, use a backslash in place of the slash (mnemonic: the forward slash leans to the right for the more rightward stress, and the backslash leans to the left for the more leftward stress). For example, for, present tense io abbàtto, use:

which produces

Here  must be used because there are two a's among the last two vowels of the stem. The backslash indicates that the stress on the infinitive, displayed in the headword, should be taken from the present tense rather than placed on the ending.

Note that the default for verbs in -cere and -gere uses a hard c/g in the present but a soft ci/gi in the past participle, which is correct for the majority of verbs, e.g., with present io conósco, past participle conosciùto.

Irregular verb handling built into the template
The template knows how to handle most irregular verbs including derivatives such as (from ) and  (from ). Indicate an irregular verb by placing  after the slash in place of VOWEL. For example for :

which produces

The AUX ( or  ) and the slash (forward   or back  ) indicators work the same as before to indicate the auxiliary verb and whether the verb is end-stressed or root-stressed respectively. Example for root-stressed :

which produces

Irregular verb handling by specifying principal parts
For irregular verbs not recognized by, specify up to three principal parts (first-singular present, first-singular past historic, and past participle), separated by commas.

Note: All or most of the examples below could be handled with, but these help to illustrate the capabilities available in the template.

For example for, use:

which produces

You can omit the past participle if it is regularly constructed, or both the past historic and past participle if both are regularly constructed. For example, for, with regularly formed past participle piaciùto, use:

which produces

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash in place of a slash, as above, e.g. for :

which produces

As mentioned above, when a backslash is specified the position and quality of the stress is derived from the present tense single-vowel spec. If the present tense is irregular, specify it in full and include the single-vowel spec before the backslash, e.g. as follows for :

which produces

If a given principal part has more than one possibility, separate the possibilities by a colon, e.g. for :

which produces

Note that you can use a  to request the default form(s). Thus, the above spec for could (and preferably would) be written as follows:

You can specify qualifiers following a given form, which helps give usage notes when there are multiple forms with differing uses, e.g. for :

which produces

Here, there are two possible present tense forms (compàio and comparìsco) and three possible past historic forms (compàrvi, comparìi, compàrsi), with differing usage characteristics.

Note that there is no requirement that multiple forms be present when qualifiers are used. For example, for, whose past participle is rare, use the following:

which produces

Specifying additional irregular forms
For highly irregular verbs, it sometimes makes sense to include additional irregular forms in the headword. For example, has irregular future cadrò, cadrài, etc. To add the first-person singular future to the headword, use a spec like , separated from the principal parts by a period, as follows:

which produces

Similarly, for, to specify an irregular future terrò and irregular imperative singular tièni, use:

which produces

A more complicated example is, with numerous irregularities:

which produces

Use a full-row override to specify all forms for a given case/tense. For example, n some cases it's necessary to provide all forms for a tense/case. To do soIt's possible to specify a tense ull-row override

which produces

The full list of recognized additional irregular forms is as follows:

To specify multiple possibilities for a given irregular form, separate the possibilities by colons, as above. Qualifiers in brackets can be appended to a given form, as above. See the example for just below for an example of this.

Special considerations with single-syllable irregular forms
Verbs with single-syllable irregular forms have some special considerations. For one thing, there may or may not be a written accent on the vowel. Normally, forms are shown in headwords with an accent on the vowel to indicate stress and quality, even though when normally written only the final vowel of multi-vowel words has a written accent. Accordingly, when generating the link, accents are stripped from non-final vowels as well as from single-vowel words. To indicate that a single-vowel word has a written accent, add an exclamation mark after the form. This preserves the accent in the link and includes a qualifier reading with written accent on monosyllabic verb.

Some single-syllable forms trigger, while others don't. To indicate that a form triggers syntactic gemination, add an asterisk after the form. This includes a qualifier reading with syntactic gemination. You can also include a double asterisk after the form to indicate optional syntactic gemination.

An example that uses both of the above indications is :

which produces

Note in particular the forms  and , with both asterisk (to indicate syntactic gemination) and the exclamation (to indicate preservation of the written accent).

Verbs whose auxiliary varies
Many verbs can take either or  as an auxiliary, often with different meanings. A very common scenario is when transitive and  when intransitive, e.g. with. You can separate multiple auxiliaries with a colon, as with multiple irregular forms, and include qualifiers, which typically you should do to clarify the different usages:

which produces

You can include commas, quotes and other punctuation inside brackets in the qualifier text, e.g. with : avanzare:

which produces

You can also include angle brackets (e.g. direct HTML, or HTML produced by a template) or even nested square brackets, as long as they are matching.

Reflexive verbs
All reflexive verbs use, so there is no need to specify the auxiliary and it should be omitted, e.g. for , use:

which produces

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash with nothing before it, e.g. for (stressed as accòrgersi), use:

which produces

If a root-stressed verb in -ere has an irregular present, specify the stressed vowel before the backslash with or without a second backslash, e.g. for, use either:

or

both of which produce

Note that explicitly specified forms should be given without the reflexive pronoun attached. Special changes to the form are handled automatically, e.g. . An example is for, with imperative fàtti:



which produces

Verbs in -rre
Verbs in -rre, e.g., , require an explicit stem to be specified using stem specifier. They should also use the same backslash notation as with root-stressed verbs in -ere, e.g. for :

which produces

For verbs ending in -arre and -urre (and -irre if any such verbs exist), the double-backslash notation can be simplified to a single backslash because the stressed vowel can only be one possibility, e.g. for :

which produces

Reflexive verbs in -arsi and -ersi based off verbs in -arre and -erre can also be interpreted as based off of verbs in -are or -ere; for example, consider, reflexive of either or. These verbs must use the special indicator  to indicate that the reflexive is based off of a verb in -arre; otherwise, it will be interpreted as based off of a verb in -are. An example is, from :

which produces

Note in particular the  at the end.

Third-person only verbs
Some verbs have only third-person forms, either third-person singular only (impersonal) or third-person singular and plural only. Use  for the former, and   for the latter. An example of an impersonal verb is :

which produces

An example of a third-person only verb (singular and plural) is :

which produces

As the latter example shows, irregular forms must be specified in the third person.

Defective verbs
Some verbs are defective in that they are missing some of their forms. To indicate a missing form, use. For example, the verb has no past historic, imperfect, future or imperfect subjunctive. Indicate as follows:

which produces

If the verb is missing its past participle, use  as normal, but also put a   in place of the auxiliary, because without a past participle no composed tenses can be formed. An example is :

which produces

Pronominal verbs
Pronominal verbs are those verbs that inherently have a clitic pronoun attached to the infinitive. Reflexive verbs, covered above, are a type of pronominal verb; not all pronominal verbs are reflexive. An example that is not is, composed of + clitic. Indicate pronominal verbs as normal:

which produces

Note that the clitic is automatically moved before the finite forms.

If the pronominal verb is reflexive, the auxiliary spec will be omitted, as with all reflexive verbs (see above). An example is :

which produces

note that the two clitics are automatically moved to the front of the finite forms, and is automatically converted to.

If the pronominal verb is irregular, don't include any of the clitics in the irregular forms except for the imperative (same as with reflexive verbs). An example is :

which produces

Another example is. This is third person only, hence it uses the spec  (see above), and requires that all irregular forms be given in the third-person:

which produces

Multiword expressions
Multiword expressions such as are supported. To indicate the conjugation of such an expression, place the full verbal spec inside angle brackets directly after the verb to be conjugated:

which produces

Individual portions of the expression, including words other than the verb, are automatically linked. To override this, add explicit links, e.g. for :

which produces

This even works if there are multiple verbs in the expression, e.g. :

which produces

Qualifiers and references
As mentioned above, you can place a qualifier in square brackets after any verb form or after an auxiliary, to indicate under what circumstances that particular form or auxiliary is used. For example, for the verb, specify:

which produces

Here, we indicate the modern stressed-vowel pronunciation fòro along with the traditional one fóro, marked as such.

An example of qualifiers on auxiliaries occurs with, which has both intransitive usages (which take the auxiliary ) and transitive usages (which take the auxiliary , as with all transitive verbs). To indicate this, specify:

which produces

You can also specify reference footnotes to be displayed after a given form. To specify such a footnote, use the syntax  directly after a form, similar to a qualifier. For example, for, to footnote the fact that both discéndo and discèndo are allowed in modern usage (traditional usage calls for discéndo only), citing 's Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana, use:

Parameters
The allowed parameters are as follows:


 * 1
 * Specify the inflected forms; see above.


 * head, head2, ...
 * Override the headword. Useful especially to add unpredictable links in multiword expressions (an automatic linking algorithm applies in the absence of this, and links each word).


 * 1
 * Disable the autolinking algorithm for text outside of the verb itself, in multiword expressions.


 * 1
 * Disable the autolinking algorithm for the verb. If you use both this and 1, no autolinking will happen, with the result that any links need to be specified using head and non-lemma forms will be linked in their entirety.


 * sort
 * Optional argument to specify the sort key; rarely needed.


 * id
 * Optional argument to specify a sense ID for linking purposes; see and.