User:ɶLerman/Proto-Nakh


 * * Chechen dialects


 * * daad (Bertlani 2012: 176)
 * ** Chebarloi -ceᶰ, but Bats -ciᶰ
 * *** Chebarloi -ge, but Bats -gŏ (a loss of the intervocalic *-g- in inflection was expected for the Vainakh group, but apparently this did not happen in the irregular declension)


 * *c̣eg-
 * *c̣eg-d-a-ⁿ to redden (transitive)
 * Vainakh:
 * *c̣eg-d-al-a-ⁿ to redden (intransitive)
 * Vainakh:
 * Vainakh:
 * *c̣eg-d-al-a-ⁿ to redden (intransitive)
 * Vainakh:
 * *c̣eg-d-al-a-ⁿ to redden (intransitive)
 * Vainakh:
 * Vainakh:


 * *-eg(C-, #) > *-ej(C-, #) > -ij(C-, #) > -ii(C-, #),, *c̣eg-d-
 * *-eg(-e#) > *-eØ(-e#) > -ee(#),
 * *-eg(-i#) > *-eØ(-i#) > *-e(-j#) > *-ej(#) > -ij(#) > -ii(#),


 * *-Vb,d,gV- > *-VØV-
 * > Ch. *qadele > *qedele > *qeele > qeela (or *qaale > *qeele > qeela), Ing. *qadalØ > qaal (not **qaale > **qeale > **qealØ)
 * > Ch. *c̣eeᶰ > c̣ee⁽ᶰ⁾, Ing. *c̣eeᶰ > c̣ee⁽ᶰ⁾
 * > Ch. *daa > daa, Ing. *daa > daa
 * *-Vb,d,gC,#- > *-Vw,jC,#-
 * > Ch. *jej > jij > jii, Ing. *jej > jij > jii
 * > Ch. *saj > saj, Ing. *saj > saj (> sej)
 * > Ch. qoj (dial.) > *qüö > qüüö (or qoj > *q[ew] > *qew > qüüö), Ing. *qoj > *qie > qiie (or qoj > *q[ew] > *qew > qiie)


 * *-Vw,jV- > *-Vw,jV-, Bats ?
 * *-Vw,jC,#- > *-Vw,jC,#-, Bats > *-Vb,dC,#- ?


 * Bats: jub ჲუბ
 * Chechen: juu ю̄ > йӯ
 * Ingush: juu юв


 * Bats: gub გუბ
 * Chechen: guu гӯ
 * Ingush: guu гув


 * Chechen: šuu шӯ
 * Ingush: šuu шув


 * Chechen: ħuu хьӯ
 * Ingush: ħuu хьув


 * Bats: xеᶰ
 * Chechen: xen
 * Ingush: xi


 * Bats: bеᶰ
 * Chechen: ben
 * Ingush: bˤi


 * (see *noc, *joq̇)
 * Bats: *dHabxeᶰ > dapxeᶰ
 * Chechen: *dHabxeᶰ > douxa
 * Ingush: *dHabxeᶰ > dˤeixa


 * Oblique stem:
 * Chechen: *nabc-ir- > *nauc-ir- > neuc-ir- > neuc-ar-
 * Ingush: *nabc-ir- > *nadc-ir- > *naic-ir- > *neic-ir > neic-ar-
 * Direct case:
 * Chechen: *noc (<~ *nabc-ir-) > *nobc > *nouc > nuuc > nuc
 * Ingush: *noc (<~ *nadc-ir- < *nabc-ir-) > *nodc > noic (<~ *naic-ir-) > naic > neic
 * Ingush: *noc (<~ *nadc-ir- < *nabc-ir-) > *nodc > noic (<~ *naic-ir-) > naic > neic


 * Oblique stem:
 * Bats: *abq̇-ar- > aṗq̇-ar-
 * Chechen: *abq̇-ar- > *auq̇-ar- > ouq̇-ar-
 * Ingush: *abq̇-ar- > *auq̇-ar- > ouq̇-ar-
 * Direct case:
 * Bats: *joq̇ (<~ *abq̇-ar-) > *jobq̇ > joṗq̇
 * Chechen: *joq̇ (<~ *abq̇-ar-) > *jobq̇ > *jouq̇> juuq̇ > juq̇
 * Ingush: *joq̇ > joq̇
 * Ingush: *joq̇ > joq̇


 * iron
 * Chechen eečig < *aačig < *aačiḳ < *aahčiḳ < *aahč̣iḳ < *aahḳiḳ < *aahḳi + -ḳ
 * Ingush eašjk < *eačjk < *eačjg < *eačig < *aačig < *aačiḳ < *aahčiḳ < *aahč̣iḳ < *aahḳiḳ < *aahḳi + -ḳ
 * Bats ʕajhḳĭ < *ʕahḳĭ < *ahḳi < *aahḳi


 * tinder
 * Chechen ḳoožam < *ḳoožom < *ḳaažom < *ḳaažamu < *ḳaažamo < *ḳaač̣amo < *ḳaaḳamo
 * Ingush ḳoažam < *ḳoažom < *ḳaažom < *ḳaažamo < *ḳaač̣amo < *ḳaaḳamo
 * Bats ḳʕaḳam < ḳʕaḳamo < *ḳaḳamo < *ḳHaaḳamo


 * forehead
 * Chechen ħaž < ħaža < *ħač̣a < *ħaaḳa > Cheberloi ħaaža
 * Ingush ħaža < *ħač̣a < *ħaaḳa
 * Bats ħaḳ < ħaḳa < *ħaaḳa


 * scoop
 * Chechen čada < *čado < *kaṭo
 * Ingush koda < *kodo < *kado < *kaṭo
 * Bats kaṭŏ < *kaṭo


 * big scissors
 * Chechen č̣oda < *č̣odu < *č̣adu < *ḳadu < *ḳa(a)ṭu
 * Ingush ḳod [č̣oad, č̣od] < *ḳodu < *ḳadu < *ḳa(a)ṭu
 * Bats q̇ajṭŭ < *ḳaṭŭ < *ḳa(a)ṭu [page 646]


 * he-goat
 * Chechen bož << obl. *bHaḳʸi-
 * Ingush bož << obl. *bHaḳʸi-
 * Bats bʕoḳ


 * *laua → lau, luo, loa, lav
 * *qau → qa, qa, qa, qav
 * *ṭq̇ab → ṭq̇au, ṭq̇ou, ṭq̇ou, **ṭq̇ab
 * *sag → sai, sai, sai, sag






 * [Nirvi 1971: 26] ~
 * > [Kallio 2021: 133] ~  (resp. aasĕ) [Kadagidze 1984: 44] >  [Imnajshvili 1977: 61, 119]
 * Salaca < *suⁱźi < *suźi < *suci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~ nom. pl.  (resp. ʕanair) < *ʕanaⁱri < *ʕanari
 * Salaca < *toⁱźi < *toźi < *toci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~  (resp. maiqĭ) < *maⁱqi < nom. sg. *maqi < obl. *maaq-i-