User:-sche/-er-

As part of Etymology scriptorium/2020/September, this is a list of words which seem to contain an infix -er-, for the purpose of evaluating their origins, etc.

in -erole, -erolle / with -ole

 * -er(-) + -ol(l)e (compare -iole, another extended form of -ole)


 * (?) vfr. bannerole (/bannerolle?) (from bannière, not ban, per Nyrop)
 * (?) becquerolle,  bequerolle (Nyrop thinks this is a legitimate example of -erol(l)e, from bec) (compare the synonyms(?) bécot, bécassine)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] casserole (formed with -erole, per TLFi, Brachet 1 and fr.Wikt) (compare cassole using the same stem and suffix but no interfix, casseron using the same stm and a different suffix with this interfix, and cassoulet) — (but compare It. cazzaruola per Nyrop) (whereas, Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
 * (?) caterole, catérole, catterole (from se catir, per fr.Wikt and Nyrop, who lists it as an example of -erol(l)e)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] èverole (from eve, "eau", per fr.Wikt and Nyrop)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] féverole, féverolle : fr.Wikt and TLFi say this is indeed "dimin. de fève; suff. -erole (v. -ole)", from older French faverole (but Nyrop argues this is from fabaria, not fave, fève)
 * (?) flammerole,  flammerolle (from flamme, per Nyrop)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] lignerolle, lignerole (from ligne, per Nyrop, and TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
 * (?) liserolle (Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
 * (?)  maierole(s), maierolles (see 1969, below)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] moucherole, moucherolle (from mouche, per Nyrop, which would show -er- (no?), and Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-, and TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
 * (?) primerole (from primariolus, not prime, per Nyrop)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] profiterole:(but is this profiter + -ole? no, TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] rousserolle ("fauvette", from roux + -erole, per Nyrop and TLFi)


 * A 1969 article in Romance Philology, volume 23, page 298, says: "-erole ← -er- (< -ÅR) + -ole ( < -EOLU): maierole. A lengthened var. of -ole, this suffix appears in the late Middle Ages, formed through “false division”, namely the secondary rapprochement of, say, bannerole (banniere + -ole) or casserole with ban- or cass-. Is the -er- intercalated for rhythmic or differentiatory purposes? This "interfix" conveys no semantic message: It simply serves as an occasionally handy grammatical tool."


 * 1887, John Lancaster Gough Mowat, Alphita: A Medico-botanical Glossary from the Bodleian Manuscript, Selden B. 35, page 146, has a few other words: Palsgrave, &#39;Primorose a flour, primerolle.' Primerole would seem to be the original form of which primrose is a corruption. With primerole compare the forms blauerole [Consolida media] (p. 45), maierole, rougerole (p. 134), fugerole (p. 132).


 * loanwords where -er- is not a French addition:


 * banderole, semantically rel. to bande, was bor. from It. banderuola, with er cognate to -ière (despite Brachet 1 saying this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
 * barquerolle (probably bor. from It. barcheruolo, barcaruolo) (compare Ven. barcaruola but also French barque, per Nyrop) (TLFi says the hypothesis of Italian derivation is preferable to seeing this as barque + -erole)
 * bouterolle (from bouter, per TLFi and Nyrop, despite the latter listing it as an example of -erol(l)e)
 * fougerolle, fougerole (from fougère + -ole, per Nyrop and fr.Wikt)
 * muserole, muserolle (from/compare It. museruola, per Nyrop and TLFi)

in -eron / with -on

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] aileron (Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-) (aile + -eron per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] allaiteron (formed with -eron [though not explicitly from -on] per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] beauceron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] bûcheron (from bûche with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (yes, per TLFi)
 * (?) casseron : casse + er + -on?
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] chaperon (from chape with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (yes, per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] courgeron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi and fr.Wikt)
 * (?) forgeron (from forge with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2, whereas TLFi thinks forger+-on)
 * Laurie Bauer, English Word-Formation (1983), page 19, in an aside, says: "Similarly, the suffix -eron which could once be used in French to form a word for the person who carries out an action (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eron 'smith') is now no longer productive, and the suffix -eur (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eur 'forger') is used productively in its place (Guilbert, 1975: 178-9)."
 * (?) fumeron (TLFi says "dér. du rad. de fumer; suff. -eron")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] laideron (from laid with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2; mentioned as an instance of -eron by Darmesteter)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] lamperon (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
 * liseron (?)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] mancheron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi and fr.Wikt)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] moucheron (from mouche with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 1 and 2) (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
 * (?) mousseron (from mousse with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (but from Latin *mussario per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] napperon (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] puceron (from puce, says Brachet 1 and 2, saying this shows "intercalation" of -er-, and TLFi)
 * (?) quarteron (from quart with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (but TLFi says "dér. de quartier; suff. -on")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] vigneron (from vigne with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2, and TLFi)


 * also, to check




 * possibly


 * (but here the r may be in the root)


 * Nicol Christopher William Spence, The Structure(s) of French (1996), page 95: "Some suffixes have reinforced variants: for instance, -et is expanded to -elet in verdelet, -on to -eron in moucheron, and -er to -eter in bec > becqueter. The suffix -ie has a reinforced variant -erie (cf. bouffonnerie, pédanterie) on the model of the many words in -erie where the suffix had been added to a word ending in -(i)er (boulanger, épicier, laitier, etc). "


 * Brachet 1 also mentions other intercalated affixes: -ich- as in ber-ich-on and -ill- as in carp-ill-on

in -ereau / with -eau

 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] banquereau (formed with -ereau per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] bordereau (probably formed with -ereau per TLFi)
 * (?) grimpereau ("dér. de grimper; suff.-ereau.")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] hobereau ("Forme élargie par le suff. -ereau (-eau), de l'a. fr. hobel")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] mâtereau (from mât + -ereau per TLFi)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] poétereau (Brachet 1; TLFi "dér. de poète; suff. -ereau (-eau)")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] tombereau (Brachet 1; TLFi "dér. de [...] suff. -ereau (-eau)")


 * Brachet 1 also mentions another intercalated affix: -ot-eau as in diabl-ot-eau

in -erelle / with -elle

 * (?) chanterelle (TLFi confusingly says "dér. de chanter; suff. -erelle, forme allongée de -elle", but contrast passerelle, sauterelle)
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] coquerelle (per TLFi, "coq* (suff. -erelle, forme élargie de -elle et [coqueret] -eret, forme élargie de -et)")


 * but not(?):


 * passerelle (Brachet 1) (but TLFi says "dér. de passer; suff. -elle")
 * sauterelle (Brachet 1) (but TLFi says "dér. de sauter; suff. -elle")

in -eret, -erette / with -et, -ette

 * (?) banneret (TLFi: "dér. du rad. de bannière [...]; suff. -eret (-et); banneret peut aussi être dér. de ban")
 * (?) collerette (TLFi: "dér. de collier par substitution de -erette (v. suff. -eret et -ette) à -ier.")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] coqueret (per TLFi, "coq* (suff. [...] -eret, forme élargie de -et)")
 * (?) couperet ("dér. de couper, suff. -erez (-aricius, [...]) devenu -eret p. anal. avec des mots déclinables tels que mantelez-mantelet")
 * [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px|]] formeret (per TLFi)

not evidence of this interfix: -er-esse

 * Brachet 1: "the earlier form of the feminine was in -eresse, from -er- and -esse (-issa)
 * Arsène Darmesteter, A Historical French Grammar, book 2 (1902), page 253: "In Old French these nouns first formed their feminines in -eriz: pecheor, pecheriz; empereor, empereriz. -eor, -eur, corresponded to the Latin -atorem; -eriz to the Latin -atricem. At a fairly early period -eriz was changed into -eresse under the influence of the suffix -esse [...] ment-eur, ment-eresse; dans-eur, dans-eresse. [...] The termination -eresse, thus replaced by the termination -euse, has been preserved only (1) in certain technical terms, all somewhat archaic, and concerning law or special callings: baillerese, défenderesse, demanderesse, guinderesse, &c. and (2) in a few words adopted in poetical usage: chasseresse, devineresse, vengeresse."


 * baileresse, bailleresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
 * chasseresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
 * old danseresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
 * défenderesse (Darmesteter)
 * demanderesse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
 * devineresse (Darmesteter)
 * old empereresse (older empereriz; Darmesteter, who specifies this is from an older form in -eriz, Lat. -atricem)
 * enchanteresse (Brachet 1)
 * guinderesse (Darmesteter)
 * old menteresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
 * pécheresse (Brachet 1 and Darmesteter, who specifies this is from an older form in -eriz, Lat. -atricem)
 * vengeresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)

references discussing -er- in more than one suffix

 * Thomas S. Thomov, Morphologie du français moderne (1960), page 28, which derives -erole from -er + -ole, and -eron (as would explain casseron?) from -ier + -on.

sources of words

 * TLFi
 * Kristoffer Nyrop, Grammaire historique de la langue française (1908), volume 3, page 184
 * Auguste Brachet, Paget Jackson Toynbee, A Historical Grammar of the French Language (1896) (=Brachet 1)
 * Auguste Brachet, An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language (1882), page cxxi (=Brachet 2)