User:-sche/Gyalrong


 * Pronouns


 * Sample phrases / conjugated verbs


 * Other words


 * * The hyphens (and dots) above are omitted in running text. Glottal stops may also be unwritten.
 * * wuɟo is older than mə per P1

References:
 * J1 : Japhug data from Guillaume Jacques, The Inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong (2010); mentions "The second person prefix in all Rgyalrong languages is unrelated to the pronouns, and it has been compared to the second person tə- prefix in southern Kiranti languages (Ebert 1990, 1991). It might belong to an older stratum of person markers, though it is difficult to determine whether the second person prefixes of Rgyalrong and Kiranti languages are indeed related."
 * J2 : data from Guillaume Jacques, The origin of the reflexive prefix in Rgyalrong languages (2010)
 * J3 : Japhug data from Guillaume Jacques, Argument Demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong (2012)
 * P1 : Situ (Jiǎomùzú variety) data from Marielle [sic] Prins, A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects: A Web of Relations (2016) (citing Jin 1957-8 for Suōmò data and Hsieh (Xie) 1999 for Zhuōkèjī data); mentions on pages 30 and 31 that "Jiǎomùzú dialects have a preference for rounding as well as backing, especially in the village of Kǒnglóng. In many words /u/ or /o/ occurs in places where other Sìtǔ dialects, especially Suōmò and Zhuōkèjī, have /i/. It may be this feature that causes native Sìtǔ speakers to perceive the Jiǎomùzú dialects as more 'heavy' than the Suōmò or Zhuōkèjī dialects", with examples of Jiǎomùzú - Suōmò - Zhuōkèjī contrasts like 'grass plot' /kajvuʔ/ - [kaipi] - [kɐipiʔ], 'buy' /kaku/ - [kaki] - [kaki], 'four' /kəbdu/ - [kəwdi] - [kəwdi], and 'day' /ʃnu/ - [sɲi] - [sni]. Also mentions /kʰəʃpʰeʔs/ [kʰəˈʃpʰɛʔs] 'marmot', /spen/ [spɛn] 'glue', /sokle/ [sɔxˈlɛ] 'saw', /təwaʔm/ [t̪əˈwaʔm ̚] 'bear'.
 * P2 : Situ (Jiǎomùzú variety) data from Maria [sic] Clazina Prins, A Web of Relations: A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects (2011) (predecessor of P1); mentions ɟiek, onomatopoeia for the sound of something bursting out (of somewhere) all at once (like intestines falling out of a gutted abdomen), and ɟiekɟiek for the sound of something bursting out but taking a while to completely dribble out. Also mentions ko, a mood marker indicating anxiety.
 * S1 : Tshobdun data (from qɐcʰweriʔ village, Tshobdun township) from Jackson T. S. Sun, Typology of Generic-Person Making in Tshobdun Rgyalrong (2014)
 * S2 : Tshobdun (and other) data from Jackson T. S. Sun, The Irrealis Category in rGyalrong (2007)
 * S3 : Zbu (Showu) data from Jackson T. S. Sun, Verb-Stem Variations in Showu rGyalrong (2004)