User:Allahverdi Verdizade/az-ipa

=Towards the construction of {az-ipa}=

Pronunciation 1
< a > = /ɑ/ < b > = /b/ '''< c > = /d͡ʒ/ '''< ç > = /t͡ʃ/ < d > = /d/ < e > = /e/ < ə > = /æ/ < f > = /f/ '''< g > = /ɡ/ < ğ > = /ɣ/ < h > = /h/ < x > = /χ/ < ı > = /ɯ/ < i > = /i/ < j > = /ʒ/ '''< k > = /k/ = /ɡ/ < l > = /l/ < m > = /m/ < n > = /n/ < o > = /o/ < ö > = /œ/ = /p/ < r > = /r/ = /s/ < ş > = /ʃ/ < t > = /t/ = /u/ < ü > = /y/ < v > = /v/ < y > = /j/ < z > = /z/

Pronunciation 2
< a > = /ɑ/ < b > = /b/ '''< c > = /d͡z/ '''< ç > = /t͡s/ < d > = /d/ < e > = /e/ < ə > = /æ/ < f > = /f/ '''< g > = /d͡ʒ/ < ğ > = /ɣ/ < h > = /h/ < x > = /χ/ < ı > = /ɯ/ < i > = /i/ < j > = /ʒ/ '''< k > = /t͡ʃ/ = /ɡ/ < l > = /l/ < m > = /m/ < n > = /n/ < o > = /o/ < ö > = /œ/ = /p/ < r > = /r/ = /s/ < ş > = /ʃ/ < t > = /t/ = /u/ < ü > = /y/ < v > = /v/ < y > = /j/ < z > = /z/

Examples: gecə → [ɡeˈd͡ʒæ], [d͡ʒeˈd͡zæ] kiçik → [kiˈt͡ʃik], [t͡ʃiˈt͡sit͡ʃ]

Natural classes

 * Vowels 
 * Back vowels 
 * Front vowels <ə, ü, ö, i, e>
 * Consonants 
 * Sibilants < s,z,ş,j >

Fricativization and approximatization
parlaq: /pɑrˈɫɑɡ/ → [pɑˈrːɑχ] almaq: /ɑɫˈmɑɡ/ → [ɑɫˈmɑχ] araq: /ɑˈrɑɡ/ → [ɑˈrɑχ]
 * Fricativization: → [χ]/ [back vowel]_#

gəlmək: /ɡælˈmæk/ → [ɡælˈmæj] çörək: /t͡ʃœˈræk/ → [t͡ʃœˈræj]
 * Approximatization: < k > → [j]/ [front vowel]_#

Lengthening
hətta: /hætˈtɑ/ → [hæˈtːɑ] eşşək: /eʃʃæk/ → [eʃːæk]
 * Gemination: double [consonant] → [Cː]

mənfəət: /mænfæˈæt/ → [mænfæ.ˈæt] saat: /saˈat/ → [sa.ˈat] saqqal: /sɑɡːɑl/ → [sɑkːɑl] çaqqal: /t͡ʃɑɡːɑl/ → [t͡ʃɑkːɑl]
 * Double vowel: double [vowel]→[V.V]
 * Double q:  → [kː]/[back vowel]_[back vowel]

Velarization
lakin: /lɑ'kin/ → [ɫɑ'kin] sal: /sɑl/ → [sɑɫ]
 * l-Velarization: l → [ɫ]/_[back vowel], l  → [ɫ]/[back vowel]_

Assimilation
r_ : parlaq: /pɑrˈɫɑχ/ → [pɑˈrːɑχ] yerli /jerˈli/ → [jeˈrːi:] t_ : dostlar /dostˈɫɑr/ → [dosˈtːɑr]
 * l-Assimilation:   → [tː,dː,n,rː]/t,d,n_

d_ : adlar /ɑdˈɫɑr/ → [ɑˈdːɑr]

n_ : insanlar /insanˈɫɑr/ → [insɑˈnːɑr] olanlar /oɫɑnˈɫɑr/ → [oɫɑnːˈɑr]

gedirlər: /ɡeˈdirlær/ → [ɡeˈdilːær] yatırlar /jɑˈtɯrɫɑr/ → /jɑˈtɯɫːɑr/
 * r-Assimilation:   → [lː]/_lar,lər (in non-lemma forms only)

qanmaq /ɡɑnˈmɑχ/ → [ɡɑˈmːɑχ] enmək /enˈmæk/ → [emːæk]
 * n-Assimilation:   → [mː]/_m

Dissimilation
→[t]/[s,ʃ]_ tanışlar /tɑnɯʃˈɫɑr/ → [tɑnɯʃˈtɑr] başlamaq /bɑʃɫɑˈmɑχ/ → [bɑʃtɑˈmɑχ] əsaslar /æˈsɑsˈɫɑr/ → [æˈsɑsˈtɑr]
 * Dissimilation of /l/ away from sibilants:

→[d]/[z,ʒ]_ qazlar /ɡɑzˈɫɑr/ → [ɡɑzˈdɑr] mesajlar /mesɑʒˈɫɑr/ → [mesɑʒˈdɑr]

Stress
ana → [ɑˈnɑ] satan → [sɑˈtɑn] qablar → [ɡɑbˈɫɑr] uzundraz → [uzunˈdrɑz] A number of borrowed items are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.Among them:
 * Generally on the last syllable for lemma-forms.

urbanizasiya → [urbɑniˈzɑs(i)jɑ] informasiya → [inforˈmɑs(i)jɑ] jurnalistika → [ʒurnɑˈlistikɑ]
 * Nouns derived from terms including Russian -ция are realized as -siya [s(i)ja] in Azerbaijani. Stress falls on the syllable preceding -siya, that is on the anti-penultimate syllable.
 * The suffix: -и́стика → -istika [ˈistikɑ] is stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

etimologija → [etimoˈɫoɡ(i)ja]
 * Words containing the suffix -логия → -logiya [ˈɫoɡ(i)jɑ] are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

Yaponiya → [jɑˈpon(i)jɑ] harmoniya → [hɑrˈmon(i)jɑ]
 * Words containing the suffix -ия → -iya [(i)jɑ] are stressed on the anti-penultimate syllable.

Compensatory vowel lengthening
This is the hardest part to implement in a module. Many borrowed items, especially the ones from Arabic and Persian, break the vowel harmony. This causes some vowels to be lengthened. In case of Arabic loan words, this lengthening most often coincides with the original Arabic long vowels - and may have originated there.

Most cases of vowel lengthening can be summarized as folowing: a back vowel, which is most often /a/ or /o/ in an open syllable becomes lengthened if the following syllable contains a front vowel, which is almost always a /i/ or /æ/ or /e/.


 * katib -> [kɑːˈtib], comərd -> [d͡ʒoːˈmærd], tofiq -> [toːˈfiɡ]; yeganə -> [jegʲɑːˈnæ]; sənaye -> [sænaːˈje]
 * but not in dampizişk -> [dɑmpiˈziʃk], because [dɑm] is a closed syllable.

A front vowel which precedes a back vowel does not result in lenthening of anything.
 * üsul -> [yˈsuɫ], üslub -> [ysˈɫub]
 * kitab -> [kitɑb], girov -> [ɡiˈrov]

Additionally to this, /e/ gets lengthened in open syllables preceding an /a/.


 * edam -> [eːˈdɑm]
 * memar -> [meːˈmɑr]
 * but not in meydan -> [mejːˈdɑn], because [mej] is a closed syllable.