User:Burgundaz/Germanic transposition

For "reconstructing" words that likely never existed in Germanic, but that by all rights could have, largely based on forms found in related languages. For fun of course.

iHo-stem

 * **jakjaz, "honorary, holy" < *Hyh̥́₂ǵ-iHos = Ancient Greek

no-stem

 * **twīnaz, "fearful, terrible" < *dwey-nós = Ancient Greek

ro-stem

 * **arkraz, "white, shining" < *h₂erǵ-rós
 * **kunraz, "knowing" < *ǵn̥h₃-rós = Latin . cf. Ancient Greek ,
 * **firikunraz
 * **unkunraz
 * **sagraz, "customary, ritual, sacred" < *sh̥₂k-rós = Latin.
 * **stubraz, "hit, struck, stunned" < *stup-rós = Latin < *stuper < *stup-rós
 * **wetraz, "watery, water-like" < *wed-rós = Latin < *viter or *vitrus

to-stem

 * **badaz, "said, spoken" < *bʰh̥₂-tós = Ancient Greek, Latin
 * **felubadaz, "much spoken of"
 * **tuzbadaz, "hard to speak"
 * **unbadaz, "unspoken, unsaid"
 * **budaz, "grown, being" < *bʰh₂u-tós
 * **frabudaz, "
 * **inbudaz, "inborn, natural"
 * **swebudaz, "being one's own"
 * **unbudaz, "unbeen, not happened or existed"
 * **bunsaz, "bound"
 * **unbunsaz, "unbound, unrestrained" = Sanskrit
 * **dadaz, "done, put, placed"
 * **abadadaz, "put away"
 * **indadaz, "(able to be) put in, placed in"
 * **undadaz, "unplaced"
 * **dwidaz, "decreasing, declining, perishing" = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **abadwidaz, "waning" = Sanskrit
 * **new(j)adwidaz, "newly perished, violated" =
 * **undwidaz, "undecaying, imperishable", = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **flehsaz, "plaited, woven, twined" < *pleḱ-t-tós = Ancient Greek, Latin
 * **inflehsaz, "inwoven"
 * **sēmiflehsaz, "half-plaited, half-woven"
 * **unflehsaz, "unplaited"
 * **fludaz, "flowed, floated" < *plu-tós = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **gundaz, "struck, slain, killed" < *gʷʰn̥-tós = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **aljagundaz, "slain by others"
 * **fragundaz
 * **new(j)agundaz, "lately slain"
 * **ungundaz, "unhurt, uninjured"
 * **htidaz or **hidaz, "built, settled, founded" = Ancient Greek
 * **samah(t)idaz, "built together, jointly built" = Ancient Greek
 * **kundaz,
 * **abakundaz, "gone away"
 * **anakundaz
 * **unkundaz, "not gone, untrodden" < *n̥-gʷm̥-tós = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * *kunþaz
 * **aljakunþaz, "misknown"
 * **kurdaz, "praised, welcome" < *gʷr̥H-tós = Latin, Sanskrit
 * **kurdaz, "eaten, devoured"
 * **sēmikurdaz, "half-eaten"
 * **unkurdaz, "uneaten, not eatable"
 * **wulfakurdaz, "devoured by wolves"
 * **kwadaz, "tended, fed" < *gʷh̥₃-tós = Ancient Greek
 * **murdaz,
 * **unmurdaz, "not dead, immortal" < *n̥-mr̥-tós = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit
 * **strudaz, "streaming, flowing" < *sru-tós = Sanskrit
 * **tadaz, "given, granted" < *dh̥₃-tós = Ancient Greek, Latin.
 * **fratadaz, "given away, betrayed"

u-stem

 * **bunguz, "dense, thick" < *bʰn̥gʰús = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **uberbunguz
 * **unbunguz
 * **burguz, "high, tall, elevated" < *bʰr̥gʰús = Hittite parkus, Old Armenian
 * **lunguz, "small, light, quick" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰús = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **firilunguz
 * **unlunguz

yo-stems

 * **arþijaz, "fitting" < *h₂ér-t-yos (< probably *h₂er-tis) = Ancient Greek
 * **fitjaz< "walking, going by foot" < *ped-yos
 * **kunþijaz, "of the family, race" < *gń̥h₁-t-yos (< probably *gn̥h₁-tis) = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **swekundijaz or **swikunþijaz, "of one's kind, family" < *swe-gn̥h₁-t-yos = Sanskrit
 * **tiwjaz, "heavenly, divine" < *diw-iHos = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit

Assorted

 * **hemaz, "hornless, young (animal)" < *ḱemh₂os = Sanskrit
 * **gimaz, "pertaining to winter"
 * **fragimaz, "having severe winters"
 * **hundagimaz, "lasting a hundred winters"
 * **tuzgimaz, "bad or severe winter"
 * **ungimaz, "without winter, cold"

Consonant-stems
Presuming these remained consonant-stems instead of being thematicized, as was common in Germanic.
 * **nērs (m), "man, husband" < *h₂nḗr = Ancient Greek ἀνήρ
 * **rēhs/rēk- (m), "ruler, king" < *h₃rḗǵs
 * **wērs (m), "wild animal" < *ǵʰwéh₁r = Ancient Greek
 * ''**wōhs/waw-

eh₂-stem

 * **kwarō (f), "eating; food" < *gʷoréh₂ = Ancient Greek, probably also seen in Latin

i-stem

 * **artiz (f), "point, spur" < *h₂erd-is = Ancient Greek, Celtic . Might properly have been the source of.

ih₂-stem

 * **faþnī, oblique *fadun-, (f), "mistress" < *pótnih₂ = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit . The feminine companion to *faþiz/*fadiz
 * **rēknī, oblique *rēkun-, (f), "queen" < *h₃rḗǵnih₂ = Celtic, Latin , Sanskrit
 * **tīwī, (f), "goddess" < *deyw-ih₂ = Sanskrit

mn-stem

 * **ahmô (m), "stone" < *h₂éḱ-mon- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **faimô

mo-stem

 * **agmō (f), "point, edge" < *h₂eḱ-méh₂ = Ancient Greek
 * **akmaz (m), "driving, leading, trajectory" < *h₂óǵ-mos = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **armō (f), "junction" < *h₂er-méh₂ = Ancient Greek
 * **bōmō (f), "speech; that which is heard" < *bʰéh₂-meh₂ = Ancient Greek, Latin
 * **knōmō (f), "knowing, judgement" < *ǵn(é/ó)h₃-meh2 = Ancient Greek
 * **lugmaz (m), "what is bright; gold ornament" < *luk-mós = Sanskrit

no-stems

 * **etną (n), "food" < *h₁éd-nom = Sanskrit
 * **jakkaz (m), "offering, worship" < *yh̥₂ǵ-nós = Sanskrit
 * **unjaknaz, "not a real sacrifice" = Sanskrit

r-stem
Almost completely missing as a class in Germanic, but there are no problems transposing them from other languages. Presumably Germanic would have regularized the root to the zero-grade and also followed the same accentual pattern as ti-stems. Eg. **burþōr rather than **berdḗr.

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4
 * **kindēr/kinþrī (m/f), "begetter, parent" < *ǵenh₁tḗr

Class 5
 * **fehtēr/fihtrī (m/f), "cooker" < *pekʷ-tḗr = Ancient Greek, Latin ,.

Class 6
 * **ahtōr (m), "driver, leader" < *h₂éǵ-tōr = Ancient Greek, Latin.

Class 7
 * **ardēr = Ancient Greek.

Irregular
 * **dēþōr or **dadēr (m), "one who does, puts" < *dʰéh₁-tōr'' = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit.
 * **wistōr (m), "knower" < ''*wíd-(s)tōr = Ancient Greek . Presumably an epenthetic -t- would be inserted between -s(s)- resulting from dental cluster and following -r- in the oblique cases.

s-stem

 * **fleþaz/fliþiz- (n), "flatness, breadth" < *pléth₂-os/-es- = Ancient Greek
 * **hreþaz/hriþiz- (n), "strength, power" < *krét-os/-es- = Ancient Greek
 * **kenaz/kiniz- (n), "race, lineage" < *ǵénh₁-os/-es- = Ancient Greek, , Sanskrit
 * **legaz/ligiz- (n), "bed, lair" < *légʰ-os/-es- = Ancient Greek
 * **selaz/siliz- (n), "marsh, pond" < *sél-os/-es-
 * **setaz/sitiz- (n), "seat" < *séd-os/-es- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **þenaz/þiniz- (n), "stretching, extension" < *tén-os/-es-
 * **wehwaz/wihwiz- (n), "word, speech" < *wékʷ-os/-es-
 * **weraz/wiriz- (n), "heat, warmth" < *gʷʰér-os/-es- = Ancient Greek . Doesn't really seem to meet the conditions required for *gʷʰ- > bʰ-''

ti-stem

 * **ahtiz (f), "going, driving" < *h₂éǵ-tis = Latin
 * **baþ/diz (f), "speech, speaking, rumor" < *bʰh̥́₂-tis = Ancient Greek φάσις
 * *buþ/diz (f), "being, living, dwelling" < *bʰh₂ú-tis
 * **dwiþiz (f), "decline, ruin" < **dʰgʷʰí-tis = Ancient Greek
 * **abadwidiz (f), "waning, decrease" = Ancient Greek
 * **undwidiz (f), "imperishableness" = Sanskrit
 * **fihtiz (f), "cooking" < *pekʷ-tís = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit
 * **flihsiz (f), "plaiting, weaving" < *pleḱ-t-tís
 * **inflihsiz (f),
 * **fludiz (f), "flowing" < *plu-tís = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit.
 * **frīdiz (f), "pleasure, joy; beauty" < *priH-tís = Sanskrit.
 * **gafrīdiz (f),
 * **tuzfrīdiz (f),
 * **unfrīdiz (f),
 * **guþ/diz (f), "pouring" < *gʰú-tis = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit.
 * **htidiz or **hidiz(f), "building, settling, founding" < *tki-tís = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **abah(t)idiz (f), "settling away" = Ancient Greek
 * **anah(t)idiz (f), "rebuilding, resettling" = Ancient Greek
 * **hwidiz, (f)
 * **abahwidiz (f), "compensation, paying off" < *h₂epo-kʷi-tis = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **jahtiz (f), "sacrifice, worship" < *yh̥́2ǵ-tis = Sanskrit
 * **jaþ/diz or **jahtiz (f), "throwing, hurling" < *(H)yh̥́₁-(k)-tis = Ancient Greek or Latin
 * **jistiz (f), "boiling, fermenting" = Ancient Greek
 * **juhtiz (f)
 * **kurþ/diz (f), "praising, approval" < *gʷŕ̥H-tis = Italic, Sanskrit
 * **kurþ/diz (f), "devouring, eating" < *gʷŕ̥h₃-tis = Ancient Greek
 * **kwaþ/diz (f), "tending or feeding livestock" < *gʷh̥́₃-tis = Ancient Greek
 * **murþ/diz (f), "death, dying > murder(?)" < *mértis = Similarly formed to Latin mors. As with *burþiz/burdiz, the dental would be voiced in compounds
 * **saldiz (f), "leaping, jumping" = Ancient Greek
 * **strudiz (f), "flow, flowing, streaming" < *sru-tís = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **abastrudiz (f), "flowing off, draining"
 * **studiz (f)
 * **þundiz (f), "stretching" > *tn̥-tís = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit

to-stem

 * **arþą (n), "field, cropland" < *h₂érh₃-tos = Based on Greek ἄροτος, "field, tillage"; Germanic seems to prefer to derive neuter nouns from to-adjectives, however. Similarly, one could see **arwą, derived from **arwaz < *h₂erh₃wos as seen in Latin arvum
 * **hundikundaz, "brother, sibling" < *km̥tí-ǵn̥h₁-tos = Ancient Greek
 * **kwaþą (n), "cattle, livestock" < *gʷh̥́₃-to(s/m) = Ancient Greek

tro-/dʰro-stem

 * **ardrą (n), "joint" < *h₂er-dʰrom = Ancient Greek
 * **mēþrą (n), "measure" < *méh₁trom = Ancient Greek (zero-grade), Sanskrit
 * **þerþrą (n), "drill, borer" < *térh₁-trom = Ancient Greek, Proto-Celtic

tu-stem

 * **arduz (m), "fitting; order" < *h₂er-tús

Assorted

 * **akaz (m), "driver, leader" < *h₂eǵ-ós = Ancient Greek ἀγός, Sanskrit अज
 * **dwarą (n), "door, passage; forum, court" < *dʰworom = Latin forum, Sanskrit
 * **kwōgalaz (m), "cowherd" < *gʷeh₂u-k(ʷ)ólos = Ancient Greek, Celtic
 * **saflą (n), "implement, instrument; equipment" = Ancient Greek
 * **sunkelbaz (m), "sibling" < *sm̥-gʷelbʰos = Ancient Greek ἀδελφός
 * **sumlagaz/ō (m/f), "spouse" < *sm̥-logʰos = Ancient Greek ἄλοχος.
 * **umbihwalaz (m), "servant" < *h₂n̥tbʰí-kʷolos = Ancient Greek ἀμφίπολος, Latin anculus, Sanskrit अभिचर.
 * **unkiz (m), "fire" < *h₁n̥gʷ-nís = Latin, Sanskrit
 * **urhtaz (m), "bear" < *h₂r̥tḱos
 * **wōstu/**wastu (n), "town" *weh₂stu = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit

Strong
Class 1

Class 2
 * **beukaną, "to flee" < *bʰéwg-e-
 * **dew(w)aną, "to burn" < *dʰégʷʰ-e-'' = Sanskrit
 * **eusaną, "to burn" < *h₁éws-e- = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit
 * **flew(w)aną, "to swim, sail, flow" < *pléw-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **strew(w)aną, "to stream, flow" < *sréw-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit

Class 3
 * **erhwaną, "to sing, praise" < *h₁érkʷ-e- = Sanskrit
 * **herfaną, "to pluck, harvest" < *kérp-e-
 * **meskaną, "to sink, wash" < *mésg-e-
 * **serfaną, "to creep, crawl" < *sérp-e- = Ancient Greek, Latin , Sanskrit

Class 4
 * **dweraną, "to fall away, disappear" < *dʰgʷʰer-e- = Sanskrit, also Ancient Greek (< *dʰgʷʰer-ye-)
 * **hwelaną, "to move (around), go round" < *kʷélh₁-e- = Ancient Greek, Latin ,
 * **kenaną/**kun-, "to be born" < *ǵénh₁-t/*ǵn̥h₁- =
 * Presumably would have become an aorist-present
 * **seraną, "to tie together, equip" < *sér-e- = Latin
 * **weraną, "to warm" < *gʷʰér-e- = Ancient Greek

Class 5
 * **fehwaną, "to cook" < *pékʷ-e- = Latin, Sanskrit
 * **feþaną, "to fly, fall down" < *pét-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **sefaną, "to care for" < *sép-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **seganą, "to overpower, conquer" < *séǵʰ-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit
 * **þresaną, "to tremble, be frightened, flee" < *trés-e- = Ancient Greek, Sanskrit

Class 6
 * **jahjaną, "to throw, cast, hurl" < *(H)yh̥́₁-k-ye- = Assuming an extension of *-k- as in Latin
 * **jak(j)aną, "to honor, consecrate" < *Hyh̥́₂ǵ-(y)e- = Sanskrit
 * **sahjaną, "to sanctify" < *sh̥́₂k-ye- = Latin (with adaptation to the Germanic system)
 * **saljaną, "to jump", < *sól-ye- or *sh̥́₂l-ye- = Latin and Ancient Greek
 * **taþaną, "to give" < *d(e)h₃-t-e-
 * Assuming a similar process that spawned *hlaþaną and *standaną from root aorists *kl(e)h₂-t- and *st(e)h₂-t-

Class 7
 * **aidaną, "to burn, kindle" < *h₂éydʰ-e-
 * **aiþaną, "to take along, fetch, use" < *h₃éyd- = Latin
 * **anganą, "to narrow, tighten, strangle" < *h₂émǵʰ-e- = Ancient Greek, Latin
 * **ankwaną, "to anoint" < *h₃én(n)gʷ- = Latin

Weak

 * **arkwijaną(< *arkujaną?) < *h₂erǵ-u-ye-'' = Latin
 * **faimunjaną, "to shepherd" < *poh₂i-mn̥-ye- = Ancient Greek
 * **faþjaną, "to be master, rule, govern" < *pót-(i)ye- = Latin, Sanskrit
 * **saflijaną, "to prepare, make ready" = Ancient Greek
 * **sibiljaną, "to honor" = Latin, Sanskrit