User:Burgundaz/Germanic world

If you've ever wondered what it would be like to experience the world in ancient Germanic times, this page should help with the words side of things. Keep in mind, 2500 years is a long time; some of the Old Germanic languages are closer to us than they are Proto-Germanic, therefore meanings that are established in North and West Germanic might not be fully reconstructible to PGmc. This is especially relevant with regards to semantic narrowing, which could create new semantic gaps, triggering semantic shift, or even a chain of such shifts.

This page aspires to represent the Germanic world as accurately as possible in form and meaning. Therefore, not just comparative reconstruction is used as a tool, but internal reconstruction, and etymological clues are used as well.

Additionally, check out this page on Germanic names for plants and animals

For the various references to u/i-extensions/infixal derivation, see | this section on u/i-abnormality in Germanic. If it was variation in just one branch, it wouldn't be an issue, but there is evidence of variation in all branches. The origin and exact meaning of the formation is ultimately unclear; it was probably grammaticalized from collectives in pre-Gmc/post-PIE forms like *wód-r̥/*w(o)d-én- > *wat-ur/*wat-in- which would explain the vocalism and the accent placement/Verner's alternation (ie. *hafudą/*ha(u)biþa-). Either way, it did exist and presents some difficulty in reconstructions.

In an effort to leave this page as clean and easy to read as possible, notes and explanations will be placed in a separate Notes section below.

And as always, this is a work in progress, as reading and research improves one's understanding, so reconstructions and meanings are subject to change.

Terms
This section is much less certain, largely because of the time depth, but also the conflicting systems of subdivision. The subdivisions seem to have been legal in nature, consisting of a "regional" and a "local" level which is mostly reconstructible, although the terms aren't agreed upon exactly.
 * *gawją - n - "region, district, country(side)" < *gʰh̥́₂w-yom - cf. (possibly) AG Khā́ōn/Khāoníā (if from *ǵʰ/gʰeh₂w-o-)
 * *har(j)ōþą/*har(j)ōdą (obl. *hariþa-) - n - "district, hundred" < '*harjaz + *-ōþą'' (possibly)
 * *hundarją/*hundriją/*hundazją - n - "hundred (district)" < *hundą ("hundred (number)") + *-(a)r-/*-az- (uncertain suffixation)
 * ON hundari; OHG huntari
 * *landą - n - "land; region, country" < *londʰ-om
 * GO land ("land; country"); ON land ("land; country"); OE land ("land; country"); OF land ("land; country"); OS land ("land; country(?)"); OHG lant ("land; country")
 * *marką - n - "mark, sign" < "a bordering, edge, rim" < *morǵ-om
 * *markō - f - "bounds, limit, boundary", also "frontier, outland, (outlying) region" < *morǵ-eh₂
 * *þunginaz
 * OLF/LA thunginus; OHG dungino
 * *waldaną (pret. *wulþ-) - stv - "to rule, govern, control" < *h₂wolh₁-dʰ-(or *h₂wolh₁-t-)/*h₂wl̥h₁-t-
 * GO waldan; ON valda, pret oll-; OE wealdan; OF walda; OHG waltan

Farming

 * *akraz - m - "field, open area of land; land used for cultivation, farm" < *h₂eǵ-ros
 * GO akrs; ON akr; OE æcer; OF ekker/ēker; OS akkar; OHG ackar
 * *arduz - m - "arable land, soil" > "earth, land, dwelling"
 * OE eard
 * *arjaną - stv (7) - "to plow" < *h₂érh₃-y-eti
 * *arlą - n - "plowshare" < "plow" < *h₂erh₃-dʰlom/*h₂erh₃-tlóm
 * MHG arl (f.)
 * *arþrą (obl. *ardra-) - n - "plow" < *h₂érh₃-trom - cf. AG árotron; LA arātrum
 * GO ardrs; ON arðr; OSw arþer
 * *arþiz (obl. *ardi-) - f - "plowing, tilling, cultivation" < *h₂érh₃-tis/*h₂(e)rh₃-tí-
 * ON ǫrð; OE yrþ/irþ; OF raef-erd; OHG art
 * *falgō - f - "fallow land" < *polk-éh₂
 * OE *fealh (attested only as secondary "harrow") > ME falge/falwe; OF fallach; MD valge
 * *mēaną - stv - "to mow, cut" < *h₂méh₁-eti
 * *sēaną - stv - "to sow" < *séh₁-eti
 * *þresk(w)aną - stv - "to thresh" < *treskʷ- or *treC-sk-

Human

 * *ahslō - "armpit" < *h₂eḱs-l-eh₂
 * *ambô - m - "belly" < *h₃émbʰ-ō
 * OS ambon (pl.); OHG amban (pl.)
 * *amsaz - m - "shoulder" < *h₃ém-s-os
 * GO ams; NO ås ("hill, ridge")
 * *ankijǭ - f - "ankle" < *h₂eng-yeh₂
 * ON ekkja; OHG ancha/encha
 * *ankulaz (obl. *ankila-) - m - "ankle" < *h₂éng-ul-os/*h₂eng-é/íl-
 * ON ǫkla/ǫkkla, ǫkli; OE *æncel (?); OF ankel/inzil; MD ankel/enkel; OHG anch(a)la, enchil
 * *anþiją - n - "forehead" < *h₂ént-y-om
 * ON enni; OHG andi/endi
 * *armaz - m - "arm" < *h₂érH-mos
 * GO arms; ON armr; OE earm; OF erm; OS arm; OHG aram
 * *arsaz - m - "arse/ass, butt" < *h₁órs-os
 * ON ars/rass; OE ears; OF ers; OS ars; OHG ars
 * *augô - n - "eye" < *(h)awk-ṓ < *h₃ókʷ-n̥/*h₃(o)kʷ-én-
 * *ausô (obl. *auzin-) - n - "ear" < *h₂éws-ō < *h₂éws-n̥/*h₂(e)us-én-
 * GO auso; ON eyra; OE ēare; OF āre; OS ōra; OHG ōra
 * *bainą - n - "bone" < *bʰoyH-nom
 * *bōguz - m - "upper arm, shoulder"
 * *bragną - n - "brain"
 * *fingraz - m - "finger" < ''*penkʷ-rós
 * *hafudą (obl. *haubiþa-) - n - "head" < *kh̥́₂p-ut-om/*kh₂p-í/ét-o - cf. LA caput/capit-
 * *halsaz - m - "neck" < *kóls-os - cf. LA collus
 * GO hals; ON hals; OE heals/hals; OF hals; MD hals; OHG hals
 * *handuz - f - "hand" < *hinþaną ("to seize, catch") = *ḱont-ús
 * *hausaz - m - "skull" < *ḱ/kowH-s-os
 * *hersô (obl. *herzn- ) - m - "brain" < *ḱer(h₂)-s-o
 * *hertô - n - "heart" < *ḱerd-n̥
 * *hirzniją - n - "brain" (collective) < *herzn- + *-ją (collectivizing suffix)
 * MLG herne; OHG hirni
 * *hraifô - m - "wrist"
 * *hrefaz (obl. *hrifiz-) - n - "body, waist, abdomen" < *ḱrép-os/*ḱrép-es- - cf. LA corpus ("body") < *ḱr̥p-os/*ḱr̥p-es
 * *hreþaz (ob. *hriþiz-) - n - "breast, chest, heart" < *krét-os/*krét-es-
 * OE hreþer/hreþor
 * *hriþizją - n - "diaphragm" < *krét-es-yom
 * OE mid-hriþere; OF mid-hreth(e)/mid-hrether(e)/mid-hrither(e)
 * *hrugjaz - m - "ridge, back, spine"
 * *humpaz - m - "hip
 * *knewą - n - "knee" < ''*ǵnew
 * *krausiją - n - "bowels, guts" (collective) < *ǵ/grow-s-yom
 * MD kroos; MHG (ge-)krœse
 * *lagjaz - m - "leg" < *loǵʰ-yos
 * *librō - f - "liver" < *likʷ-r-éh₂ < *lyḗkʷ-r̥ ("liver")
 * *limuz - m - "limb, member" < *li-m-us
 * *liþuz - m - "joint, member" < *li-tus
 * *lōfô (obl. *lappan-) - m - "palm of the hand"
 * *ludjō - f - "face" < *h₁ludʰ-yeh₂
 * *lungǭ - f - "lung, lungs" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-eh₂(n)
 * *magô/*magę̄ - m - "stomach" < *mok-ṓ' possibly *mok-ḗn - cf. PC *mokīnā ("bellows"); PS *mošьna ("small bag, purse")
 * *mundō - f - "hand" < ''*mh₂-n̥t-éh₂
 * *munþaz - m - "mouth" < '*mń̥t-os - cf. LA mentum ("chin"); PC *mantom ("gums, jaw")
 * *mūs - f - "mouse; muscle" < *muHs-s - cf. AG mū́s ("mouse; muscle"); LA mūs ("mouse; muscle")
 * ON mús; OE mūs; OHG mūs
 * *naglaz - m - "nail, fingernail, toenail" < *h₃nogʷʰ-los
 * ON nagl; OE næġel/nægl; OF neil; OS nagal; OHG nagal
 * *nasō/*nusō - f - "nose" < *nh̥́₂-s-eh₂
 * ON nǫs; OE nosu; OF nose; OS nasa; OHG nasa
 * *þūmô (obl. *þumin-)- m - "thumb"
 * *wambō - f - "womb, belly"
 * *wrīhô (obl. *wrikkin-) - m - "instep" < *wréyk-ō/*wrik-né-

Terms

 * *daudaz - adj/pp - "dead, having died"
 * *dauþuz - m - "death, dying"
 * *dawjaną - stv - "to die"
 * *dewaną - stv - "
 * *murþą - n - "murder"
 * *murþrą - n - "murder"
 * **nawistrą - n - "mortuary" < *nawiz + *-strą (instrumental suffix?)
 * GO ga-nawistrōną ("to burt, inter")
 * *nawiz - m - "corpse" < *nh̥₂w-is
 * GO naus; ON nár
 * *sterbaną

Terms

 * *bugjaną - wkv - "to buy, agree to exchange" < *beuganą ("to bend, bow")
 * *dailą - n - "share, part" < **dailaną ("to divide")
 * *dailijaną - wkv - "to deal, distribute" < *dailą/*dailiz
 * *dailiz - m - "share, part" < "division" < **dailaną
 * *fehu - n - "wealth; cattle, livestock" < *péku
 * *geldą - n - "payment, tribute, compensation" < *geldaną
 * *geldaną - wkv - "to pay, yield (up)" < *gʰeldʰ-
 * *gelstrą - n - "levy, tax, contribution" < *geldaną + *-þrą (instrument suffix)
 * *hleutaną - stv - "to cast lots; to obtain by lot" < *klewH-d-
 * *hūzijaną - wkv - "to hire"
 * *laigijaną - wkv - "to rent, hire" < "to make loan" < *līhwaną
 * *laihną - n - "loan"
 * *līhwaną - stv - "to loan, lend" < "to leave (behind)"
 * *mōtō - f - "tax, toll" < "obligation" < *mōtaną
 * *nautą - n - "cattle; ox" < *neutaną ("to use, make use of")
 * *saljaną - wkv - "to sell, offer up in exchange" < **selaną ("to take")
 * *salō - f - "sale" < **selaną
 * *werþaz - adj - "worth, valued (at)" < "turned, become" < *werþaną ("to turn > to become")

Drink

 * *alu (obl. *aluþ-) - n - "ale" < *He/ol-ut
 * ON ǫl; OE ealoþ; OS alo-fat; MD ale/ael; MHG al-schaf
 * *beurą - n - "beer" < *bʰrewH-r-om ("brewing") (< earlier *bʰréwH-ōr?)
 * ON bjórr; OE bēor; MD bier; OHG bior
 * *līþu - n - "cider" < *(H)léyt-u or ''*(H)líH-t-u
 * *medu - n - "mead" < *médʰ-u(s) (cf. AG méthu; SA mádhu)
 * ON mjǫðr (m.); OE meodo(m./n.); OF mede (m.); MD mede (m.); OHG metu/meto/mito (m.)
 * *meluks (obl. *milik-) - f - "milk" < *h₂melǵ-
 * GO miluks; ON mjǫlk; OE meoloc/meolc; OF melok; OS miluk; MD melc/mellic/meelc; OHG miluh/milih
 * *watōr (obl. *watin-) - n - "water" < *wód-r̥ + *wéd-ōr
 * GO wato/watin-; ON vatn; OE wæter; OF weter; OS watar; OHG wazzar

Food

 * *ankwô - m - "butter < fat, grease" < *h₃éngʷ-ō/*h₃éngʷ-n̥(originally) - cf. LA unguen ("fat, grease") < oblique *h₃n̥gʷ-
 * OHG ancho
 * *daigaz - m - "dough"
 * *hlaibaz - m - "bread" < *ḱ/kloyp-ós or *ḱ/kloy-bʰ-os
 * *hunangą - n - "honey" < *kn̥h₂-onḱ-os
 * ON hunang, OSw hunagh; OE hunig OS honig; OHG hona(n)g
 * *kakǭ - f - "cake" < *gH̥g-
 * ON kaka
 * *kōkô - m - "cookie" < *goHg-
 * MD coeke; OHG kuohho
 * *jūstaz - m - "cheese" < *yuHs-t-os - cf. AG zū́mē; LA iūs/iūr-; SA yū́ṣ-
 * ON ostr ; → FI juusto
 * *matiz - m - "food" < *mod-is or *mH̥d-is
 * *mili (obl. *miliþ-) - n - "honey" < *mel-it
 * GO miliþ (secondary a-stem)

Terms

 * *drankijaną - wkv - "to drench, cause someone to drink" < *dʰrong-éyeti
 * *drinkaną - stv - "to drink" < *dʰréng-eti
 * *etaną - stv - "to eat" < *h₁éd-eti
 * *fōdijaną - wkv - "to feed, cause to eat (food)" < causative to a lost **faþaną ("to eat, graze")
 * *hlaupijaz - m - "rennet" < *hlaupaną
 * IC hleypir
 * *hungruz - m - "hunger" < ''*kn̥k-r-ús
 * GO hūhruz; ON hungr; OE hungor; OS hungar; OHG hungar
 * *jestuz - m - "yeast" < *jesaną ("to ferment")
 * ON jǫstr; OSw iæster; OE gist/gyst; MLG gest; MD gest/gist; MHG jest
 * *þurstuz - m - "thirst" < *tr̥s-tus
 * OE þurst/þyrst; OS thurst; OHG durst

Features

 * *ahwō - f - "river, stream, waters" < *h₂ékʷ-eh₂ cf. LA aqua
 * GO aƕa; ON á; OE ēa; OS aha; OHG aha
 * *akraz - m - "field, open area of land; land used for cultivation, farm" < *h₂eǵ-ros - cf. AG agros and LA ager
 * GO akrs; ON akr; OE æcer; OF ekker/ēker; OS akkar; OHG ackar
 * *albī - f - "(large?) river" possibly also "torrent" < *h₂elbʰ-ih₂
 * *angiją - n - "grass-land, pasture, plain" < "hollow, mountain glen" < *h₂enk-yóm
 * ON eng (f.), eng(i) (n.)
 * *angraz - m - "valley, gorge, hollow" > later "meadow, plain" and "bay (of a fjord?)" < *h₂enk-rós - cf. LA ancrae ("gorge, ravine")
 * ON angr ("bay"); MD angr; OHG angar ("meadow, plain")
 * *awjō - f - "island" < *He/ow(H)-yeh₂ cf. *aurą ("mud, sand, sediment") < *He/ow(H)-r-om
 * ON ey; OE īeg; MD ooi/ouwe; OHG ouwa
 * *barzwaz/*barwaz - m - "pine grove"
 * *bergaz - m - "mountain, height" < *bʰerǵʰ-os
 * ON bjarg/berg; OE beorg; OF berch; OS berg; OHG berg/berag
 * *brōkaz - m - "swamp"
 * *dalaz - m - "dale, valley" < *dʰolh₂-os - cf. PS *dȍlъ
 * GO dal(s); ON dalr; OE dæl; OS dal; OHG tal''
 * *dōlijō - f - "depression, hollow" < *dʰōlh₂-yeh₂
 * ON dœl; MD doele; OHG tuolla
 * *dulō - f - "ditch" < *dʰl̥h₂-eh₂
 * OHG tula
 * *felþaz/*felþuz - m - "field, plain, area of open land < *kʷél-tos/-tus ("going round, driving (as through a meadow)") - cf. LA cultus
 * OSw fiälder/ur-fælder/ur-fialder ("(enclosed) field") (Noreen, §78, 3; p. 74); OE feld (a- and u-stem); OF feld; OS feld; OHG feld
 * *graibō - f - "grove, copse" < *gʰroybʰ-eh₂
 * *haiþī - f - "heath, heathland" < *kéh₂i-t-ih₂ ("shrubland(?)") - cf. PC *kaitos ("wood")
 * *halluz/*hallaz - m - "rock (formation), boulder, stone slab" < *kolH-n-ús/*kolH-n-ós - cf. LI kálnas ("mountain, hill")
 * *haugaz - m - "hill, height" < < *kauk-ós < *kakʷ-ós < *kH̥kʷós - cf. LA cacūmen'' ("peak, summit")
 * *hulliz - f - "hill, mountain" < *kl̥H-n-ís - cf. LA collis ("hill")
 * *hulmaz - m - "mound, hill" > "islet, small island" < *kl̥H-mos
 * *hultą - n - "wood, grove" < *kl̥d-om
 * *laguz - m - "lake, pond" < *lok-ús
 * *lakō - f - "pool, swamp, lake" < "leaking" < "gathering/collecting (of water)" < *lekaną ("to leak")/*log-éh₂ - cf. AG légō ("to gather, choose"), -logḗ; LA legō ("to choose, collect")
 * OE lacu
 * *landą - n - "land, dry land, earth" < *londʰ-om
 * *lauhaz - m - "clearing, glade, meadow" < *lówk-os ("lit/clear (area)"
 * *lēswō - f - "pasture, pasturage" < *leh₁-d- + -tweh₂- ("letting (to pasture")
 * *mari - n - "sea, ocean" < *mor-i
 * *mēdwō - f - "meadow, area intended for mowing, cutting" < "mowing" < *meh₁-twéh₂
 * *mōraz - m - "moor, bog" < *mōr- a secondary functional o-grade derivation from *mari
 * *nasjaz - m - "headland, promontory" < *nasō
 * ON nes; OE næss/næesse
 * *saiwiz - m - "lake, sea" < *soykʷ-ís
 * *walþuz - m - "uncultivated area, wilderness, wildland" > (later) "wood; meadow"< *wólt-us
 * ON vǫllr; OE weald; OF wald; OS wald; OHG wald
 * *wangaz - m - "meadow" < *wongʰ-os
 * GO waggs; ON vangr; OE wang; OS wang; OHG holz-wanga
 * *wetǭ - f - "wetland"
 * NO (dial.) vete
 * *wurþiz - f - "mound, elevation" < *h₂wŕ̥-tis
 * ON urð; OF wurth; OS wurth

Related terms

 * *skagô - m - "tip, edge, end" > "copse, thicket", "cape, promontory" < **skahaną
 * ON skagi; OE sċeaġa
 * *skōgaz - m - "tree, wood" < "projecting (thing), jutting out"
 * *stainaz - m - "stone" < *stoyh₂-nos
 * *trewą - n - "tree" < *dr-éw-om
 * *widu - n - "wood" < *(h₁)wi-dʰ(h₁)-u

Settlements

 * *burgz - f - "town, stronghold, fortified settlement" < *bʰŕ̥ǵʰ-s or *bʰŕ̥gʰ-s
 * GO baurgs; ON borg; OE burg; OF burch/burich; OS burg; OHG burg''
 * *haimaz - m - "home: one's own dwelling, village, country"
 * ON heimr; OE hām; OF hēm; OS hēm; MD heem; OHG heim
 * *þurpą - n - "area, country(side); outlying settlment(s)" < *tŕ̥b-om cf. LA trabs; LI trobà; Proto-Celtic *trebā
 * GO þaurp; ON þorp; OE þorp; OF therp/thorp; OS thorp; OHG dorf
 * *wīhsą - n - "village, settlement, country(side)" < *wéyḱ-s-om (originally an s-stem, *wéyḱ-os/**wéyḱ-es-)
 * GO weihs

Hygiene

 * *baþą - n - "bath" < *bʰh̥́₁-tom < *bʰh̥₁-tós (with stress-shift derivation)
 * *baþōną - wkv - "to bathe" < *baþą
 * *kambaz - m - "comb" < *ǵombʰ-os
 * *kambijaną - wkv - "to comb" < *kambaz
 * *lauþrą - n - "lather" < *lówh₁-trom - AG loutrón
 * *saipǭ/*saipwǭ - f - "soap" < *soyp-(n-)eh₂/*soybʰ-(n-)eh₂
 * OE sāpe; OF sēpe; OHG seiffa/seipfa; → LA sāpō (borrowed)
 * *skabaną - stv - "to shave, scrape" < *skh̥́₂bʰ-eti
 * *tangō - f - "pincers: tongs, tweezers" < *donḱ-éh₂ ("biting")
 * *waskaną - stv - "to wash" < *wód-sḱeti ("to (make) wet")

Injury and Sickness

 * *aitaz - m - "ulcer"
 * *arwaz (obl. *arwiz-) - n - "scar"
 * *darō - f - "damage, injury"
 * *gallô - m - "damage, flaw" < *ǵʰol-nṓ
 * *galraz - m - "swelling, pain" < *ǵʰol-ros
 * NO galder ("swelling in the foot of horses")
 * *gundaz - m - "infection, pus, gangrene" < "wound" < *gʷʰn̥-t-ós (probably)
 * GO gund; ON *gund > NO gund; OE gund; OHG gunt
 * *haihaz - adj - "one-eyed" < *keh₂i-kos
 * *haltaz - adj - "lame, halting, limping" < *kold-ós
 * *hamfaz - adj - "maimed" < *kómp-os
 * GO *hamfs (hamfamma); OS hāf; OHG hamf
 * *haulaz/*haulô - m - "hernia, rupture"
 * *hrīþô (obl. *hrittan-) - m - "fever, shivering" < *kréyt-ō/*krit-né-
 * OS hrido; MD ridde/rede; OHG rīdo/rit(t)o
 * *inkô - m - "pain, torment"
 * *inkwaz - m - "lump"
 * *tetruz - m - "tetter"
 * *teuną - n - "damage, injury"
 * ON tjón; OE tēon
 * *wundaz - adj - "wounded" < *wn̥-tós
 * GO wunds; OE wund; OS wund; MD wont; OHG wunt
 * *wundō - f - "wound" < *wundaz < *wundaz
 * ON und; OE wund; OF wunde; OS wunda; OHG wunta

Terms

 * *hailaz - adj - "whole, healthy, sound" < *koy-l-os
 * *hailiþō - f - "wholeness, healthiness, health" < *hailaz + *-iþō (condition suffix)
 * *sundaz - adj - "sound, whole" < *s(w)n̥t-ós

Treatment

 * *lēkijaz - "leaker, letter: leech; doctor" < **lēkijaną ("to cause to leak, let (of blood)") or (of "doctor") borrowed from PC *lēgyos
 * *lubją - n - "herb" > "drug: medicine, poison" < ''*
 * *salbō - f - "salve, ointment" < *solp-éh₂

Crime

 * *hlanþijô - m - "robber" < *klónt-y-ō
 * *hlanþō - f - "booty, loot, prey" < "something stolen/robbed" < *klónt-eh₂
 * *hlanþōną - wkv - "to rob"
 * *hlefaną - stv - "to steal, thieve" < *klép-eti - cf. AG kléptō
 * *hleftuz - m - "thief"
 * *murþ(r)ą - n - "murder" < *mŕ̥-t-om/*mŕ̥-trom
 * '*murþ(r)ijaną - wkv - "to murder, kill (unlawfully/unjustifiably)" < *murþ(r)ą ("murder")
 * *serþaną - stv - "to hit, strike; to violate sexually, perform violent or deviant sexual acts" < *sért-eti
 * *þeubaną - stv - "to thieve, steal" < "to slink, move furtively" < *teup-eti/*tup-éti(?)
 * *þeubaz - m - "thief" < "slinking" < *tewp-ós
 * GO þiubs; ON þjófr; OE þēof;
 * *þiufiją/ō - n/f - "theft"
 * GO þiubi; ON þýfi; OE þīfe-feoh; OHG diufa/diuba
 * *þupp/bōną - wkv - "to slink, loiter"
 * IC tufla; NO tuvla; NHG (dial) duppeln
 * *werganą - stv - "to strangle" or "to be strangled, suffocate"(?) < *wérǵʰ-eti
 * MHG er-wergen
 * *wurgijaną - wkv - "to strangle" < *wr̥ǵʰ-yéti

Terms

 * *aiþaz - m - "oath" < *h₁óy(-)t-os
 * *dōmaz - m - "judgement" < *dʰoh₁-mos - cf. AG thōmós
 * *dōmijaną - wkv - "to judge, deem"
 * *dōmijô - m - "judge, deemer"
 * '*faihaz - adj - "hostile, criminal, outlawed" < *póyḱ-os
 * *faihiþō - f - "feud, hostility" < *faihaz ("hostile, criminal")
 * *lagą - n - "law, custom" < as if *logʰ-om ("what is put, placed (down)")
 * *sahtiz - f - "quarrel, strife, dispute" < *sakaną ("to accuse, dispute") + *-þiz (action suffix)
 * *sakaną - stv - "to dispute, rebuke, quarrel" < "to claim, accuse, blame" < *sh̥́₂g-eti
 * *sōkijaną - wkv - "to seek, look for, investigate (claims or crimes?)" < *sakaną/*soh₂g-éyeti
 * *sōkīniz - f - "investigation, inquiry"
 * *sōkiz - adj - "disputable, contestable"
 * GO un-and-sōks
 * *swaraną (sg. pres. *swar-j-) - stv - "to swear an oath" < *swór(-y)-eti
 * *swōraz - m - "oath, swearing" < *swōr-ós as if *swor-ós
 * *wadją - n - "pledge, security, surety" < *wadjaną
 * *wargaz - m - "outlaw, criminal" < *worǵʰos
 * *wargijaną - wkv - "to outlaw, declare a criminal" < *wargaz or *werganą
 * *wira-geldaz - m - "man's price/worth, wergild" < *wiraz/*weraz (a-umlaut) + *geldaz ("price, worth, yield")
 * *witōþą (obl. *witōda-) - n - "law, custom" < "that which is observed"
 * *wītwōdz - m - "witness"
 * *wrakaz - adj - "persecuted, criminal, hostile"
 * OE -wræc; MD wrak
 * *wrakaz - m - "one who wreaks, pursuer, avenger"
 * *wrakjaną - wkv - "to make persecuted, pursue, chase" < *wrekaną/*(H)wrog-éyeti
 * GO wrakjan; ON rekja; OE wreċċan
 * *wrakjô - m - "one who is persecuted, criminal, wrong-doer"
 * OE wreċċa; OS wrekio; OHG reck(e)o
 * *wrakō/*wrēkō - f - "persecution, revenge"
 * GO wraka; ON rák; OF wrēke; OS wrāka; OHG rāhha
 * *wrekaną - stv - "to wreak, punish, avenge; to persecute, pursue (a criminal)" < *(H)wrég-eti
 * *wrēkijaną - wkv - "to make persecuted, criminal > to reject, exile" < *wrekaną (secondary functional o-grade)
 * *wrēkiz - adj - "able to be persecuted; wicked, criminal" < *wrekaną (secondary functional o-grade gerundive)

Dimension

 * *fawaz - adj - "few, little" < *ph̥́₂w-os or *peh₂w-ós
 * *feluz - adj - "much, many" < *pel-us
 * *lītilaz/*lūtilaz - adj - "little, small"
 * *mekuz - adj - "great, big"
 * ON mjǫk
 * *midilaz - adj - "middle, medium"
 * *midjaz - adj - "mid, middle" < *medh-yos - cf. AG mésos; LA medius
 * *mikilaz - adj - "great, big"

Distance

 * *rastō - f - "interval, rest; a measure of distance, a mile" < *Hros-teh₂ or *HrH̥s-teh₂

Terms

 * *mēdiz - f - "measuring, measure" < *meh₁-tís

Time

 * *stundō - f - "a while, time; a measure of time, an hour" < *stn̥-t-éh₂ or *stn̥dʰ-eh₂

Terms

 * *arutją (obl. *aritja-) - n - "ore (collective)"
 * OHG aruzi/arizi
 * *aruts (obl. *arit-) - m - "ore" < *(H)o/ar-ud-s
 * OD arut; OHG aruz/ariz
 * *ōrô - m - "ore, unwrought metal" < *(H)ōr-/*(H)or-
 * OE ōra

Clothing

 * *brakkǭ/*brakkaz - f/m - "pant(s); (lower) leg(s)" < *bʰrog-né-
 * ON *brakka' > Elfd. brakka, EDa. brakker
 * *brōks - f - "leg of a pair of breeches; breeches, pants (pl.)" < **brakaną/*bʰrṓg-s/*bʰróg-s
 * ON brók; OE brōc; OF brēk; OHG bruoh
 * *gurdilaz - m - "girdle, belt" < *gʰr̥dʰ-el-os
 * ON gyrðill; OE gyrdel; OF gerdel; OS gurdel; MD gordel; OHG gurtil/gurtila)
 * *hadinaz - m - "coat, jacket"
 * ON heðinn; OE heden
 * *hakulaz (obl. *hakila-) - m - "mantle, cloak"
 * GO hakuls; ON hǫkull, and hekla (< *hakilo-n); OE hæcla, hacele (f.); OF hezil; OHG hahhul
 * *halsiją - n - "collar" < *kols-(e)y-om
 * ON helsi; MHG helse
 * *hamiþją - n - "undergarment: shirt (with short sleeves), tunic" < *hamaz + *-iþją (collective suffix)
 * *hattijǭ - f - "cowl" < *hattuz
 * *hattuz - m - "hat" < ''*kh̥₁t-n-ús
 * *hōdaz - m - "hood, hat" < *koh₁t-ós (sort of)
 * *hrukkaz - m - "upper garment, robe, frock" < *kruK-nós
 * OS hrok; OHG rock; → OFr froc
 * *kurtilaz - m - "kirtle, knee-length tunic" < uncertain, but possibly a borrowing from Iranian
 * *luþō - f - "(fur) cloak; coarse cloth"
 * *paidō - f - "coat, cloak"
 * *sarkiz - m - "coat, covering, skin" < uncertain
 * ON serkr; OE serc/syrc
 * *skōhaz - m - "shoe" < **skahaną
 * *wēdō - f - "garment, clothing" < (as if) *wod-eh₂ (secondary functional o-grade)

Jewelry

 * *arma-baugaz - m - "arm-ring, bracelet"
 * ON arm-baugr; OE earm-bēah; OHG arm-boug
 * *baugaz - m - "ring"
 * *halsa-baugaz - m - "neck-ring, torque"
 * OE heals-bēag; OHG hals-pouc/hals-boug
 * *manją - n - "necklace"

Terms

 * *wazjaną - wkv - "to dress, wear"

Tools

 * *adasô - m - "adze" < *Hodʰ-ós-ō
 * OE adesa/eadesa, adese
 * *agiþō/ǭ - f - "rake, harrow"
 * *akuzī (obl. *akwisjō-) - f - "axe" < *h₂égʷ-(u)s-ih₂/*h₂egʷ-é/ís-yeh₂- -
 * GO aqizi; ON øx; OE æx; OF axe; OS akus; OHG ackus
 * *alasnō/*alasnijō - f - "awl" < *alaz/*alô + *-asnō (instrumental suffix)
 * *anduraz - m - "ski, skid" < *h₁ondʰ-ur-os
 * ON ǫndurr
 * *angulaz - m - "hook, tip; fishhook" < *h₂enk-ul-ós
 * ON ǫngull; OE ongel; MLG angel; OHG angul
 * *anhulō - f - "strap, belt" < *h₂énk-ul-eh₂
 * ON ǫ́l/ál; OE ōl-þwang
 * *arþrą
 * *hakô (obl. *hakkan-) - m - "hook" < *kH̥k-n-
 * *hamaraz - m - "hammer" < *k/ḱom-or-
 * ON hamarr; OE hamor; OF homer/hamer; OS hamar/hamur; OHG hamar
 * *hlaidrijō - f - "ladder" < *ḱloy-tr-yeh₂ (< *ḱloy-tríh₂?)
 * *lewô - m - "scythe" < *lewh₁-ō ("(thing) that cuts")
 * *mattukaz (obl. *mattika-) - m - "mattock, kind of pick-axe" < *mot-né- + *-ǵ/gos
 * OE mattuc/mettoc/meottoc/meottic
 * *maþilō/ǭ - f - "plow, mattock?" (uncertain, but probably related to *mattukaz) < *mót-el-eh₂
 * OHG medela/medila
 * *naglaz - m - "fingernail; nail" < *h₃nogʷʰ-los
 * ON nagl; OE næġel/nægl; OF neil; OS nagal; OHG nagal
 * *segasnō/*segasnijō - f - "scythe"
 * OS *segisna; OHG segesna, segensa/segansa
 * *sigiþō/*sigiþjaz - f/m - "scythe; sword" < "cutting (instrument)" < *seg-í/ét-eh₂
 * ON sigð, sigðr/sigðir; OE sigþe/sīþe; MLG segede/sichte
 * *tangō - f - "pincers: tongs; tweezers" < *donḱ-éh₂ ("biting")

Fabrics

 * *garną - n - "yarn, string" < *ǵʰór-n-om
 * ON garn; OE ġearn; OHG garn
 * *klaiþą - n - "cloth, fabric" < uncertain: *ǵ/gloy(-)t-om or *ǵ/gloh₁i(-)t-om
 * *klīþą - n - "piece of woven fabric" < uncertain: *ǵ/gley(-)t-om or *ǵ/gleh₁i(-)t-om

Terms

 * *flahaną - stv - "to flay, skin"
 * *flehtaną - stv - "to braid, plait"
 * *nēaną - stv - "to sew"
 * *siwjaną - wkv - "to sew"
 * *skeraną - stv - "to cut, shear (of sheep)"
 * *tawjaną - wkv - "to make, prepare"
 * *webaną - stv - "to weave"

Terms

 * *galaną - stv - "to sing, chant, enchant"
 * *hlahaną (sg. pres. *hlahj-) - stv - "to laugh"
 * *hlahtrą - n - "laughter"
 * *hlaupaną - stv - "to spring up, leap, jump; to run" < ''*klow-bʰ-n-
 * *hlōgijaną - wkv - "to make laugh"
 * *laikaną - stv - "to play, jump, frolic"
 * *singwaną - stv - "to sing"

Beings

 * *albiz - m - "elf"
 * *amsuz - m - "god(s) < lord(s), ruler(s)"
 * ON áss/óss; OE ōs; OS ās/ōs
 * *dwergaz - m - "dwarf" < *dʰwergʰ-os
 * *dwirgī - f - "female dwarf" < *dʰwergʰ-ih₂
 * ON dyrgr
 * *gudą - n - "god" < *ǵʰ/gʰú-t-om
 * *skradô (obl. '*skrattan-) - m - "wicked supernatural being (whom steals things)" < *skrot(/d/dʰ)-n- or *skrH̥t(/d/dʰ)-n-
 * ON skratta-karl, skrati/skratti ("troll; vile wizard") ; OHG skrato, skraz, skrez, skrezzo ("goblin, kobold, faun(?)" < "supernatural being")
 * *skradǭ (obl. *skrattōn-) - f - "wicked supernatural female being (whom steals things (or husbands?))"
 * OE sċrætte ("adulteress, harlot")
 * *tīwaz - m - "god, heavenly being(s)" < *déyw-os
 * *wala-kuzjǭ - f - "valkyrie" < "slain-chooser" < *walaz ("(the) slain") + *kuzjǭ'' ("chooser")
 * ON valkyria; OE wæl-cyriġe

Terms

 * *saiwalō - f - "soul" < uncertain
 * GO saiwala; OE sāwol/sāwl; OF sēle; OS seola/siola; OHG sēula/sēla
 * *wurdiz - m/f - "turning, becoming" (m.) > "fate" (f.) < *wr̥t-ís

Locations

 * *alhs - m - "temple, shrine, sanctuary" < *h₂élk-s ("shelter") or possibly borrowed (Kroonen, p. 22)
 * GO alhs; OE ealh
 * *harguz - m - "shrine" < *kork-ús/*kark-ús (if borrowed)
 * *nimidaz - m - "(sacred) grove, pasture"(?) < *ném-et-os
 * OS nimid

Assembly

 * *fulką - n - "crowd, throng, population" < *pl̥h₁- or *(s)pl̥k-nóm
 * ON fólk; OE folc; OF folk/fulk; OS folk; OHG folk/folc
 * *maþlą - n - "court, (general/public) assembly, forum" < *mh̥́₂-tlom, *mh̥́₁-tlom or *mót-l̥
 * GO maþl; ON mál ; OE mæþel; OS mahal; OHG mahal
 * *maþlijaną - wkv - "to speak, speak (publicly/officially), orate; to talk, make an agreement" < "to speak to/address the court"
 * GO maþljan; ON mæla; OE mæþlan; OS mahlian; OHG mahalen
 * '''*maþlōną - wkv - "to address, claim, accuse" < "to bring to court"
 * ON málendr (pl. "parties in a legal dispute"); OHG mahalōn
 * *mōtą - n - "meeting" probably originally "local meeting" < *moh₁d-om cf. AG mḗdomai
 * *mōtijaną - wkv - "to meet" < "to try, approach"
 * *mōtō - f - "tax" < "obligation" or "estimation"
 * *raginą - n - "decree, decision" < ''
 * *þingą - n - "matter, affair; case, thing" > (later) "meeting, assembly" < *tenk-óm ("suitable/favorable time")
 * ON þing; OE þing; OF thing; OS thing; OHG ding
 * *þingōną - wkv - "to discuss matters, affairs; to negotiate, deal with" < *þingą
 * *þunginaz
 * OLF/LA/Salic thunginus; OHG dungino

Companions

 * *fehu-lagô - m - "fellow, partner" either "wealth-sharer" or "wealth-placer" (= "of equal wealth" > "same status")
 * ON fé-lagi; OE fēo-laga
 * *frijōndz - m - "friend, some who cares for another" < *frijōną
 * *ga-hlaubijô - m - "with whom one shares bread, (eating) companion" < *ga- ("co(m)-") + *hlaubaz ("bread") + *-jô ("associated with")
 * *ga-matjô - m - "with who one shares meals/meat" < *ga- ("co(m)-") + *matiz ("meal; meat") > *-jô ("associated with")

Organization

 * *hīwą - n - "family, household" < ''*ḱey-w-om
 * *kunją - f - "clan, tribe, lineage" < ''*ǵn̥h₁-yom
 * *þeudō - f - "nation, people" < *tewt-éh₂

Persons

 * *gumô - m - "man (male human being), man(kind) < "man, human being" < *(dʰ)ǵʰm̥-(H)ō - cf. LA hemō/homō ("man, human being")
 * *knabô (obl. *knapp-) - m - "knob, peg, pin" > "boy, lad" < *ǵnobʰ-ō/*ǵnobʰ-né-
 * *knehtaz - m - "boy, young man, servant" < "*knag, gnarl" < *ǵnegʰ-t-os or *ǵ/gneḱ/k-
 * *kwēniz - f - "wife" < *gʷēn-is - cf. SA jāni ("(having a) wife")
 * *kwenǭ (obl. *kunōn-) - f - "woman (female human being)" < *gʷen-eh₂(n)/*gʷn̥/gun-eh₂
 * ON kona
 * *magaþiz/*magaþī - f - "maiden, girl" < *mo/h̥₁gʰ-ót-is/h₂
 * *magulô - m - "little boy"
 * *maguz - m - "boy" < uncertain
 * *maną - n - "person, (unspecified) human being; man, woman" < *(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-om or *(dʰǵʰ)m-ón-om
 * GO ga-man; ON man
 * *manô/*manę̄ (non-sg.nom. *mann- ) - m - "human being, person; male human, man" < *(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-ṓ/ḗn/*(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-né-, *(dʰǵʰ)m-ṓ/*(dʰǵʰ)m-ón- or *món-us/*mon-wé- - cf. Old Lithuanian žmuõ (< *(dʰ)ǵʰmṓ), LI žmónės (< *(dʰ)ǵʰm-eh₂-n-)
 * *mawī - f - "girl" < *mo/h̥₁gʰ-w-ih₂
 * *mawilǭ - f - "little girl" < *mawī + *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix)
 * *swainaz - m - "boy, servant" < "*(young) kinsman" < *swoy-nos - cf. LI sváinis, LV svainis ("brother-in-law")
 * *wiraz - m - "(adult) man, husband" < *wiH-rós

Relatives

 * *aiþī - f - "mother" < *h₂éyt-ih₂
 * GO aiþei; ON eiða; OHG fuotar-eidī
 * *aiþmaz/*aiþumaz - m - "son-in-law" < *h₂éyt(-u)-mos)
 * OE āþum; OF āthum/āthom/āthem; OHG eidum/eidam
 * *ammǭ - f - "mommy > grandmother, nanny" < *h₂em-meh₂ earlier *amma(?)
 * ON amma ("grandmother"); MD amme ("nanny")
 * *anô - m - "grandfather" < probably secondarily formed from *anǭ ("grandmother")
 * OHG ano ("grandfather")
 * *anǭ - f - "grandmother" < *h₂enH-eh₂(n) - cf. AG annís; HI anna- ("mother"), ḫanna- ("grandmother"); LA anna'' ("foster-mother")
 * OHG ana ("grandmother")
 * *attô - m - "dad" < *h₂et-tō earlier *atta - cf. AG átta; LA atta
 * GO atta; ON atti; OF aththa (< *aþþô ?); OHG atto
 * *awô - m - "grandfather" < *h₂ewh₂-ō
 * ON ái ("great-grandfather"), possibly afi in the sense of "grandfather", then secondary for *avi
 * *awǭ - f - "grandmother" < *h₂ewh₂-eh₂(n)
 * GO awo ("grandmother")
 * *baswô - m - "paternal uncle" < *bʰo- + *swe/o ("like, related to")
 * *bōô - m - "(young) male relative" < *bʰō-/*bʰo- + *-ô (personalizing suffix)
 * OE *bōia > ME boy(e)
 * *brōþēr - m - "brother" < *bʰréh₂-tēr
 * GO brōþar; ON bróðir; OE brōþor; OF brōther; OS brōthar; OHG bruodar
 * *deuhtrą - n - "grandchild; daughter's child?" < *dʰewgh₂-trom
 * MHG diehter/tiehter
 * *duhtēr - f - "daughter" < *dʰugh₂-tēr
 * GO dauhtar; ON dóttir; OE dohtor/dohter; OF dochter; OS dohtar; OHG tohter
 * *fadēr - m - "father" < *ph₂-tḗr
 * GO fadar; ON faðir; OE fæder; OF feder; OS fadar; OHG fatar
 * *fadurwijô - f - "father's brother, uncle" < *ph₂tr̥wyon - cf. SA pitṛvya
 * OE fædera; OF fed(e)ria/feria/fadria; OHG fatureo/fatiro
 * *fōstrą - n - "fostering; (in compounds) foster-" < *pe/oh₂t- + *-trom < *peh₂-t-
 * ON fóstr; OE fōster; MLG fōster
 * *mēgaz - m - "son-in-law" < *mēgʰ-os or *meh₁-gʰos
 * GO mēgs; ON mágr; OE mǣg; OF mēch; OS māg; OHG māg
 * *mōdēr - f - "mother" < *meh₂-tḗr earlier *méh₂-tēr
 * ON móðir; OE mōdor; OF mōder; OS mōdar; OHG muoter
 * *mōdurwijǭ /*mōd(ē)rijǭ - f - "maternal aunt"
 * OE mōd(d)ri(ġ)e; OF mōdrie; MD moeddere/moddere/modder; OHG muotera
 * *mōnǭ - f - "mammy, mother" < *méh₂-neh₂
 * ON móna; ME móne; MLG mōne''
 * *nefô ("nephew; cousin") < *nép-ōt
 * ON nefi; OE nefa; OF neva/newa/nia(a)wa; MD neve; OHG nefo
 * *niftī - f - "niece; cousin" < *nep-t-ih₂
 * ON nift; OE nift; OF nift(e)/neft; MD nichte; OHG nift
 * *snuzō - f - "daughter-in-law, son's daughter" < *snus-éh₂ - cf. PS *snъxà; SA snuṣā́
 * *suhtēr - m - "son" < *suḱ-tēr (unattested by itself)
 * *suhter-ga-fadrijaniz - m - "uncle and (his) son(s)" < *suḱ-ter-ḱom-ph₂-tr-yones
 * OE suhtor-ġe-fæderan (pl.)
 * *suhtrijô/*suhturwijô - m - "brother's son, nephew; cousin" < *suḱ-tr-yō
 * OE suhtri(g)a
 * *sunuz - m - "son" < *suH-nús
 * GO sunus; ON sunr/sonr; OE sunu; OF suno; OS sunu; OHG sun(u)
 * *steupaz - adj - "step-(relative)"
 * ON stjúp-; OE stēop-; OF stiāp-; MD stiep-; OHG stiof-
 * *swegruz - f - "mother-in-law" < *sweḱ-rús - cf. LA socrus; SA śvaśrū́
 * OE sweǵer; OHG swigur
 * *swēguraz - m - "brother-in-law" < *swēḱ-ur-ós - cf. SA śvāśurá
 * MD swager; MHG swāger
 * *swehraz/*swehrô - m - "father-in-law (husband's?)" < *sweḱ-wr-os - cf. SA śváśura
 * GO swaihra; OSw svǣr; OE swehor/swēor; MD swere/sweer/swaer; OHG swehur/sweher
 * *swehrǭ - f - "mother-in-law" < *swéḱ-wr-eh₂
 * GO swaihro; ON sværa (< *swihrijǭ)
 * *swēsinaþī - f - "sister-in-law" - as if from ''*swḗs-en-ot-ih₂
 * MD swasenede
 * **swēsô - m - "brother-in-law, sister's husband" < *swḗs-ō
 * implied by *swēsinaþī
 * *swestēr - f - "sister" < *swés-ōr ("own's own")
 * GO swistar; ON systir; OE sweostor/suster; OF swester; OS swestar/sustar; OHG swestar/soster
 * *swijô - m - "brother-in-law" < *swey-ō/*swiH-yō
 * OHG gi-swīo
 * *swijǭ - f - "sister-in-law, mother-in-law, niece (?)" < *swey-eh₂/*swiH-yeh₂
 * OHG gi-swīa
 * *swil(j)ô - m - "wife's sister's husband"(?) < *swel-jō
 * ON svilar ("husbands of sisters"))
 * *swizjaz - m - "sister's son, nephew; cousin" - < *swes-yós
 * OSw swiri; OF swire; OE ġe-swiria
 * *taikweraz/*taikuraz - m - "brother-in-law" < *deh₂i-(h₃)wer-os?
 * OE tācor/tācur; OF tāker; OHG zeihhur/zeichur/zeihhor
 * *waswǭ - f - "father's sister, paternal aunt" < *(s)wo(s) + *swe/*swo

Class
Germanic society seems to have had a tripartite division of classes (technically four including the "unfree"), that distinguished the landed nobles/property-owners (*Aþu/ilingōz) and priestly class, the military or fighters (*Erlōz) and the workers (*Karlōz). This is not uncommon in IE societies, and probably reconstructible to PIE times itself. This wasn't a strict class system, as *karlaz could become *erlaz (by joining a warband) and *erlaz could become *aþu/ilingaz (given an accumulation of wealth/land). This is supported by the fact that in later Germanic languages, *erlōz were effectively nobles in their own right.


 * *aþ-l- ("nature, distinction; nobility")
 * *aþalą - n - "nature, distinction, lineage" < *aþ- (uncertain, possibly related to *attô ("father"))
 * ON aðal; OS athal; OHG adal
 * *aþalaz - adj - "of a certain nature, distinction > noble, distinguished, leading" < *aþ- (uncertain, possibly related to *attô'' ("father"))
 * ON aðal-; OHG adal
 * **aþulaz (obl. **adila- /**aþila-) - m - "rank or class of nobility, high-birth(?)" < *aþal- + collective u/i-infixal derivation
 * indirectly attested, see below
 * *aþulingaz (obl. *aþilingaz) - m - "one of noble rank" < *aþil-/*aþul- + *-ingaz (associative/personalizing suffix
 * ON öðlingr/eðlingr; OE æþeling; OS etheling; OHG edeling
 * *aþuljaz (obl. *aþilja-) - adj - "noble, superior, illustrious < being of noble rank" < *aþil- + *-jaz (relational suffix)
 * OE æþele; OF ethele; OS athali/etheli; OHG edili
 * *aþulōną - wkv - "to become noble, attain the rank of nobility; to win/gain property"
 * ON öðlast/øðlast ("to win/gain property"); OE ge-æðelian ("to become/make noble, illustrious")
 * *ōþalą - n - "ancestral property, patrimony" < *aþal- (secondary functional o-grade)
 * *ōþilaz - m/n - "home, property" < *ōþalą + *-ilaz (agentive/diminutive suffix) (or *-ulaz/*-ila-)
 * OE ēþel; OF ēthel(e); OS ōthil; OHG uodil
 * *ōþ(i)lją - n - "(inherited) property, patrimony" (collective)
 * GO haim-ōþli; OF ēþel(e) (< *ōþ(i)ljaz?); OHG heim-uodil (< *ōdilaz, see above)
 * *erlaz - m - "earl, jarl; (possibly) prīnceps (Tacitus)" < from either: *h₁er(H)- ("great, holy, expensive") or *h₁er(H)- ("to strive, contend")
 * ON jarl; OE eorl; OS erl
 * *erulaz (obl. *irila-) - m - "class of earls/jarls(?)" (collective) < *erlaz + collective u/i-infixal derivation
 * LA Herules/Heruli, Erules/Eruli; AG Erouloi; Runic erila-/irila-, possibly eruls on "The spearhead of Rozwadów"
 * *karlaz - m - "freeman, man < old man" < ''*ǵórh₂-l-os
 * ON karl; OE ċeorl ; OF tzerl/tzirl/kerl; MD kerle/kerel/kaerl; OHG karl/karal
 * *kunungaz /*kuningaz - m - "chieftain" or "prince" later > "king" < *kun- ("of (high) birth") + *-ingaz (assocative/personalizing suffix)
 * *lētaz - m - "freedman, someone released from slavery" < *lētaną ("to let, release")
 * GO fra-lēts; OE *lǣt, frēo-lǣta; OF lēt; OHG lāz

Position

 * *ambahtaz - m - "attendant, public/private servant, minister" < borrowed from Celtic = PC *ambaxtos/*ambi-axtos ("about-going")
 * GO and-bahts (folk etymology); OE ambeht (< *ambahtijaz/*ambahtuz/*ambahtiz: shows consistent signs of umlaut); OHG ambaht
 * *ambahtō - f - "female attendant, servant"
 * ON ambátt
 * *fraw(j)ô - m - "lord/first (of a household)" < *frawaz ("first") < *proH-wós(with pre-tonic shortening) or *prH̥́-wos ("first") + -(j)ô (personalizing suffix)
 * GO frawja; OE frēa; OS frāho/frōho, frā/frō, also frōio ; OHG frō
 * further cf. OS frāno/frōno and OHG frōno < *fraw(a)nōą (gen. pl.)
 * *kabisjaz - m - "unfree man, slave" < *ǵobʰ-é/ís-yos < *ǵobʰ- ("branch, stick, cane")
 * *kabisjō - f - "unfree woman, slave" also (later/or especially) "slave with whom one is in a relationship/lives together" < *ǵobʰ-é/ís-yeh₂
 * *skalkaz - m - "slave, bondsman, servant" < **skalkaną ("to do wrong, injure, mock")
 * GO skalks; ON skálkr; OE sċealc; OF skalk; OS skalk; OHG skalk/scalc
 * *þegnaz - m - "thane, retainer, servant, one in service to a higher rank" < *þigjaną ("to receive, accept")
 * *þeudanaz - m - "king, leader of the people(s)" < *tewt- + *-h₂enos or *-onHos (leader suffix) cf. AG koíranos for the suffix
 * *þewaz - m - "servant, (made) bondman, slave" < *téwh₂-os ("who is watched, guarded > herded, constrained")
 * *þewernǭ - f - "maid, girl < servant girl, slave girl" < *þewaz ("slave, servant") + *-ern- (diminutive suffix)
 * ON þerna; OHG diorna
 * *þiwī - f - "female servant, bondwoman, slave" < *tewh₂-ih₂
 * GO þiwi; ON þý/þír; OE þeowu; OS þiwi; OHG diu
 * *þrawilaz - m - "thrall, slave, servant" < *þrawjaną ("to be worn out, exhausted; to endure") or *þrawō ("longing, suffering") < *trowH- cf. AG trúō ("to rub, wear down")
 * ON þræll; OE þrēal/þrǣl (or from ON); OS thregil; OHG dregil/drigil

Terms

 * *ambahtiją - n - "service, ministry" < *ambahtaz
 * GO and-bahti; ON embætti; OE ambiht; OS ambaht (< *ambahtą); OHG ambaht (< *ambahtą), ambahti)
 * *ambahtijaną - wkv - "to serve, minister" < *ambahtaz
 * GO and-bahtjan; ON embætta; OE ambehtan; OHG ambahten
 * *argaz - adj - "unmanly, cowardly, lewd" < *h₃e/orǵʰ-os
 * ON argr; OE earg; OF erch; MLG arch; MD arch/erch; OHG ar(a)g
 * *druhtinaz - m - "lord, leader, drighten" < *druhtiz + *-(a)naz (leader suffix)
 * *frija-halsaz - adj - "free, free-neck(ed)" < *frijaz + *halsaz
 * *frijaz - adj - "free, one's own (person) < dear to someone, (one's) own (friend/family)" < *priH-os (cf. PC *ɸriyos; SA priyá ("beloved, dear to"))
 * GO freis; OE frēow/frī; OF frī; OS frī; OHG frī
 * *þewāną - wkv - "to subdue, constrain, enslave" < *þewaz + *-āną (weak class 3 suffix)
 * GO ga-þiwan; ON þjá
 * *þewaz - adj - "unfree, subservient, servile" < *tewh₂-os
 * GO þius; ON -þér; OE þēow(a); OS theo-; MHG deo
 * *widuwernô - m - "orphan" < *h₁wi-dʰh₁-uh₂-(h₁)ern-ō
 * GO widuwairna
 * *widuwô - m - "widower" < *h₁wi-dʰ(h₁)-uh₂-ṓ
 * OE widuwa; OHG wituwo
 * *widuwǭ - f - "widow" < *h₁wi-dʰ(h₁)-uh₂-éh₂
 * GO widuwo; OE widewe/wudewe; OF widwe; OS widowa; OHG wituwa

Buildings/Living spaces

 * *bōiz - m - "settlement, homestead, farmstead" < "settling, building" < *bōaną
 * ON bœr
 * *bōþō - f - "hut, booth, (temporary) dwelling" < *bōaną
 * OSw bōþ; MLG bōde; MHG buode
 * *būą - n - "dwelling, estate, habitation"
 * ON bú ("house, estate"); OE bū ("dwelling, habitation"); OS bū ("building, dwelling")
 * *būiz - m - "dwelling, habitation, residence" < *būaną
 * ON býr
 * *būrą - n - "(private) inner chamber, dwelling area, room" < *būaną
 * ON búr; OE būr; OS būr(m.); OHG būr (m.)
 * *buþlą - n - "property, estate" < *bʰh₂ú-tlom - cf. AG phútlon ("plant")
 * ON ból ("farm, abode"); OE bold/botl/boþl ("building, dwelling"); OF bodel ("moveable property, assets, inheritance"); OS bodal ("landed property, dwelling, estate")
 * *fehu-hūsą - "place/space for cows/animals" > "storage space" < *fehu ("cattle, livestock, wealth") + *hūsą ("house, space (for something)")
 * ON fjós ("cow-house, byre"); OE feoh-hūs ("treasury room"); OS *fehu-hūs > MLG vē-hūs ("cowshed, barn"); OHG *fihu-hūs > MHG vihe-hūs ("cowshed")
 * *gardaz - m - "yard, courtyard, enclosure" < *gerdaną ("to enclose")
 * *hallō - f - "room, chamber" > "meeting-room, hall, large room (for feasting/entertaining)" < *helaną/*ḱol-néh₂ ("to cover, conceal") cf. LA cella ("small room, storeroom")
 * ON hǫll; OE heall; OS halla; OHG halla
 * *hudjǭ - f - "hut, small or temporary dwelling" < *(s)kewdʰ- ("to hide, conceal, cover") - cf. AG keúthō ("to conceal")
 * OHG huttea > MHG hütte
 * *hufą - n - "hall, meeting room, entry hall" < *kúp-om
 * ON hof; OE hof; OF hof; OS hof; OHG hof
 * *hūsą - n - "building, house, structure that houses/holds (people/things/animals)" < *ḱ/kúH-s-om
 * *kubô - m - "vault, hollow" < *gubʰ-ṓ/*gup-ō
 * ON kofi; OE cofa; MD cove; MHG kobe
 * *kutą/*kutǭ - n/f - "small house, shed, cottage" < *gud-om/*gud-eh₂(n)
 * ON kot; OE cot, cote; MLG kōte; MD cot,cōte; MHG kōte
 * *salaz (obl. *saliz-) - n - "room, dwelling space" < *sól(H)-os/*sól(H)-es- cf. Proto-Slavic *selò ("village, settlement")
 * *saliþwō - f - "dwelling area, room, living space" < "abiding, residing" < *saljaną ("to stay, reside (in a *salaz)") + *-þwō (deverbal suffix)
 * GO saliþwa/saliþwōs; OE sælþ; OS selitha; OHG selida
 * *teldą - n - "tent" < *del-dʰ-om

Construction

 * *ansaz - m - "(wooden) beam" < *Hé/ón-s-os
 * GO ans; ON áss; MHG ans-boum
 * *timrą - n - "timber, lumber, building material" < *dém-r-om
 * ON timbr; OE timber; OS timbar; OHG zimbar
 * *timrijaną - wkv - "to build, construct" < *timrą + *-janą
 * GO timrjan; OE timbran; OS timbrian; OHG zimbaren
 * *timrōną - wkv - "to build, construct" < *timrą + ''*-ōną
 * ON timra; OE timbrian; OF timbr(i)a/timmeria; OS timbrōn; OHG zimbarōn

Features

 * *anþō (obl. or pl. *andō-) - f - "antechamber < threshold, entryway (?) < *h₂ént-eh₂/**h₂ent-éh₂-
 * ON ǫnn/ǫnd
 * *auga(n)-durō - n(pl) - "window(s)"
 * GO auga-dauro; OE ēag-duru; OF an-dern; OHG ougatora
 * *durī - n(du) - "gate; doorway" < *dʰur-iH
 * ON dyrr (n. pl. and f. pl.); OHG duri
 * *durō - f - "door" < *dʰur-eh₂ - cf. AG thúra
 * OE duru; OF dore; OHG tura
 * *faþō - f - "fence" < *ph̥́₂-t-eh₂
 * GO faþa; MHG vade
 * *furai-durją - n - "forecourt, porch, entry hall"
 * GO fura-dauri; ON for-dyri; OE fore-dyre
 * *gardaz - m - "courtyard, yard, enclosure, space enclosed around a home" < *gerdaną/*gʰórdʰ-os
 * GO gards (i); ON garðr; OE ġeard; OS gard; OHG gart
 * *herþaz - m - "hearth, fireplace" < *kérh₃-tos
 * OE heorþ; OF herþ; OS herth; OHG herd
 * *hramô - m - "frame"
 * MD rame/raem; OHG rama; → FR frame
 * *hrōfą - n - "roof"
 * ON hróf; OE hrōf; OF hrōf; MLG rōf; MD roef
 * *hrōstaz - m - "rafters, wooden framework of a roof" < *kroH-st-os
 * OE hrōst; OS hrōst
 * *hrōtą - n - "roof, ceiling, roof space" < *kroH-d-om
 * GO hrōt; ON hrót
 * *þaką - n - "roof, cover, thatch" < *(s)tog-om
 * ON þak; OE þæc; OHG dach
 * *waigaz - m - "wall (of a building)" < *woh₁i-kós or *woyḱ-ós (cf. AG (w)oĩkos ("house"); SA veśá ("house, dwelling"))
 * OE wāg; OF wāch; MD weeg
 * *wajjuz - m - "wall (fortification)" < *wh̥₁y-ús ("twisting") cf. AG teĩkhos with toĩkhos, LA mūrus/vallum with paries
 * GO waddjus; ON veggr

Riding

 * *minþlą - n - "bit of a bridle" < *mént-l-om (possibly earlier *mént-ōl?; can't be *ment-tlom)
 * *hanhistaz (obl. *hangista-) - "horse" < *ḱónk-(e)s-t-os/*ḱn̥k-és-t-o- - cf. PC *kanxstikā
 * *hrussą - n - "horse" < *krud-tom or *krut-tom
 * *marhaz - m - "horse, steed" < non-IE *mark- - cf. PC *markos ("horse")
 * ON marr; OE mearh; OF mar; OHG mar(a)h
 * *marhī - f - "mare" < non-IE *mark-
 * *sadulaz (obl. *sadila-) - m - "saddle" < *sot-l-os or *sodʰ-l-os

Sailing

 * *baitą - n - "boat; dugout, canoe" < *bʰoyd-om
 * ON beit; OE bāt
 * *burzdą - n - "board, plank(s); deck (of a ship)" < *bʰr̥s-dʰ-om
 * GO fōtu-baurd; ON borð; OE bord; OF bord
 * *farjaną - wkv - "to ferry, cross in a boat; to sail, ride in a boat"
 * *farjǭ - f - "ferry" < "that which causes to cross"
 * *flaustą/*flaustrą - n - "ship" < *plows-t(r)om or *plout-s-trom
 * ON flaust/flaustr
 * *flawją - n - "ship, type of ship" < *plow-yom cf. AG ploĩon ("ship")
 * ON fley
 * *keulaz - m - "keel" < *gewl(H)-os
 * *nakwô - m - "small boat, dugout boat" < *nogʷ-ō
 * ON nǫkkvi; OE naca; MD ake/aec; OHG nahho
 * *naustą/*naustrą - n - "boat-house, boat shed" < *nōz + *-st(r)om (instrumental suffix?)
 * *nōþ/tô - m - "rear (of a ship)" < *ne/oh₃t- - cf. AG nō̃ton ("back"); LA natis ("behind, rump, buttocks")
 * GO *nota (nōtin)
 * *nōz - f - "ship" < *neh₂-u-s
 * ON nór
 * *siglijaną - wkv - "to sail, ride in a boat"
 * *skipą - n - "ship"
 * GO skip; ON skip; OE sċip

Terms

 * *akaną - stv - "to drive (a vehicle, or animal drawing a vehicle)" < *h₂éǵ-eti
 * *fanþijaną - m - "to travel by foot" < **fanþaz ("way, path")/*pónt-yeti
 * *faraną - stv - "to go, travel" < *pór-eti
 * *laidijaną - wkv - "to lead (away), cause to depart, go" < *līþaną/*lóyt-eyeti
 * *līþaną - stv - "to depart, go away (usually by sea)" < *léyt-eti
 * *rīdaną - stv - "to ride, travel upon a horse" < ''*Hréydʰ-eti
 * *wagjaną - wkv - "to cause to move" < *weganą
 * *weganą - stv - "to move, carry, transport" < *wéǵʰ-eti
 * *wegaz - m - "road, way" < *weǵʰ-os

Vehicles

 * *ahsō - f - "axle" < *h₂eḱs-eh₂
 * *ahsulaz - m - "(small?) axle" < *ahsō + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix)
 * *lunaz (obl. *luniz-) - n - "linchpin"
 * *nabō - f - "nave, hub of a wheel" < *h₃nobʰ-eh₂
 * ON nǫf; OE nafu; MD nave; OHG naba
 * *wagnaz - m - "wagon, wain" < *wóǵʰ-nos

Equipment

 * *arhwaznō - f - "arrow" < *arhwō + *-asnō (instrumental suffix)
 * GO arhwazna
 * *arhwō - f - "arrow" < *h₂érk-w-eh₂ - cf. LA arcus ("bow, arch")
 * ON ǫr; OE earh
 * *bugô - m - "bow" < *beuganą + *-ô (agentive suffix)
 * *brunjō - f - "breastplate, body armor" < PC *brusnyā
 * GO brunja; ON brynja; OE byrne; OS brunnia; OHG brunja/brunna
 * *gaizaz - m - "spear" < *ǵʰ/gʰeh₂i-s-ós ("stick, staff") - cf. AG khaĩos; PC *gaysos
 * *helmaz - m - "helmet" < *helaną/*ḱel-mos
 * *heruz - m - "knife/(short)sword, with a single-edged blade" < *ḱ/ker(H)-us
 * *mēkijaz - m - "(short)sword" < *meh₁ǵ/g-yos or *mēǵ/g-yos
 * *sahsą - n - "knife, dagger, shortsword" < *sok-s-om
 * *skelduz - m - "shield" < *skel(H)-tús
 * *speru - n - "spear, hunting spear" < *sperHu - cf. LA sparus
 * *swerdą - m - "sword" < *swer(H)-dʰrom (dissimilation?)
 * *terwaz - m - "spear" < *der-w-os)

Organization

 * *(ga-)draugaz - m - "band, troop, retinue" < "companion(s), retainer(s)" < *dʰrowgʰ-ós - cf. PBS *droug-ós ("companion, friend")
 * *druhtinaz/*druhtīnaz - m - "lord, leader" < *druhtiz + *-(a)naz (leader suffix)
 * *druhtiz - f - "retainers, followers, retinue" < "performing (military service)" < *dreuganą ("to lead, perform") + *-þiz (action suffix)
 * *fulkiją - n - "array, host, division" < *fulką + *-ją (collective suffix)
 * ON fylki; OE fylce
 * *fulkijaną - wkv - "to arrange into groups, heap together" (> "to arrange troops, array for battle")
 * ON fylkja; OHG fulken
 * *hamsō /*hansō - f - "host, crowd, company, band" < "ordered/arranged group" < *ḱóms-eh₂/*ḱóns-eh₂ ("what is arranged, ordered") - AG kósmos ("order"); LA cēnseō ("to estimate; to recommend")
 * GO hansa; OE hōs; MLG hanse/hense; OHG hansa
 * *harjanaz - m - "army-leader, head of an army" < *kor-y-h₂enos - cf. AG koíranos
 * ON Herjan
 * *harjaz - m - "army" < *kor-y-os - cf. Lithuanian kãras/kãrias; PC *koryos
 * GO harjis; ON herr; OE here ; OF here; OS heri; OHG hari/heri
 * *wirudą/*wirida- - n - "host, troop, band (of men)" < *wiraz + *-ud/-id- - cf. Gaulish/Gallic Virido-vix (name of a chieftain)
 * ON virðar (pl.); OE weorod/werod/werud/wered

Terms

 * *badwō - f - "war, battle" < *bʰodʰ-weh₂
 * *gunþī (obl. *gundijō- ) - f - "war, battle, fight" < *gʷʰn̥-t-ih₂
 * *haþarō - f - "fight, struggle" < *kót-or-eh₂
 * *haþuz - f - "war, battle" < ''*/kh̥́₃-t(-)us
 * *hildī/*hildiz - f - "battle, fighting" < ''*kelh₂-t-ih₂
 * *wīgą - n - "fight, battle" < *weyk-óm
 * *wiganą (sg. pres. *wīh-) - stv - "to fight, contend (with)" < *wéyk-eti/*wik-ónti