User:Catonif/adunqua

*(a)dunqua
all these entries have very confused etymologies, like dumque, ad hunc, dunc, tunc or whatever, its confusing. that's why im trying to make some sense of it.

edit: see dunc for page and Talk:dunc for discussion.

etymology

 * influenced by adverb . if in a sentence in Italian I replace dunque with a questo (direct translation of ad hunc) it sounds like a plausible synonym for all of its meanings (interjection "so", causal "thus", temporal "then"), cf..
 * dumquam < 'while' ~ unquam (no *a-, and semantically far)
 * dunc < dum ~ tunc 'then' (presuming the -qua is still from unquam) (no *a-, though semantically reasonable)
 * (would be *-tt- instead of *-d-, and it seems meanigless to put ad before an adverb)

reconstruction

 * initial */a-/ falls in most spoken varieties eventually, found more often in literacy. it is possible that the /a-/ wasn't present in the original form and was added later, cf. 🇨🇬 < 🇨🇬 ("yesterday"), Romanesco arègge < 🇨🇬.
 * some Western Romance varieties gain word ending */-s/
 * Tuscan (as well as Ligurian and Sicilian which could be borrowed?) shift word ending */-a/ to */-e/, possibly also because of the above-mentioned */-s/ (/-e/ < */-aj/ < /-as/, a shift common to all Italo-Dalmatian languages, e.g. barche < barcas).
 * Tuscan (as well as Ligurian and Sicilian which could be borrowed?) shift word ending */-a/ to */-e/, possibly also because of the above-mentioned */-s/ (/-e/ < */-aj/ < /-as/, a shift common to all Italo-Dalmatian languages, e.g. barche < barcas).

meaning

 * 1) then
 * 2) thus
 * 3) so

cognates

 * Italo-Dalmatian
 * Tuscan, common modern usage in Standard Italian. the shift /-e/ < */-a/ can also be found in other averbs like (< ) or  (< ). common variation include
 * predictable alternative forms, like the lack of Tuscan anaphonesis (leading to /ˈo/ instead of /ˈu/), and e-labialization of /kʷ/ to /k/, usally absent but found in terms of common usage (cfr., )
 * initial /a-/, now fell in disuse but still a common realization of the word in early works
 * when the /a-/ is present, the /d/ is sporadically found geminated /dd/ (though the single version /d/ is more common) which is presumably a result of attached to the already apocoped version, or the original older version of the word before it lost the gemination (highly unlikely, I couldn't find any example of this occurring elsewhere)
 * word ending /-a/, respecting the reconstruction, without the shift to /-e/
 * 🇨🇬 with initial a-
 * , see point of geminated /dd/ on Tuscan cognate
 * , with the -i (< -e) probably borrowed from Tuscan
 * , related
 * 🇨🇬, /-wa-/ < */-o-/ in closed sillables (cf. )
 * Gallo-Italic
 * 🇨🇬 or dunca, anyways, pronounced with /ˈu/ (< /ˈo/)
 * , (even though I thought it was written with ⟨o⟩? cf. . are we not using one standard orthography?). the -e resembles the Tuscan version.
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * 🇨🇬, -cje < */-ka/
 * Franco-Provençal
 * Valdôtain
 * Occitano-Romance
 * 🇨🇬, with an attached un-etymological -s, common of Western Romance ( is an older orthography using ⟨ch⟩ for final /k/)
 * 🇨🇬, with the Western -s preserves the a.
 * Oïl
 * 🇨🇬 (with Western -s), (with initial a-),  (unexpected raising? idk Anglo-Normal)
 * 🇨🇬, with the /k/ pronounced, (literary: )
 * 🇨🇬, proving that /o/ < ŭ
 * Oïl
 * 🇨🇬 (with Western -s), (with initial a-),  (unexpected raising? idk Anglo-Normal)
 * 🇨🇬, with the /k/ pronounced, (literary: )
 * 🇨🇬, proving that /o/ < ŭ
 * 🇨🇬, with the /k/ pronounced, (literary: )
 * 🇨🇬, proving that /o/ < ŭ