User:Dan Polansky/Phrasal verbs

Subject: English phrasal verbs.

Classification
Classification 1:
 * Phrasal verb
 * Particle phrasal verb[WP]
 * Cases: look up, switch off, give off, get up, sit down, slow down, hand over, hold over
 * The word at the right is classified as "particle" or "adverb", not "preposition".
 * Prepositional phrasal verb[WP]
 * Cases: look after, look for
 * The word at the right is an object-taking preposition.
 * Three-word phrasal verb[Carl W. Hart]
 * Cases: look forward to, get along with
 * Wiktionary cases: come out with, come up with, crack down on, get around to, get out of, and many more.
 * Hm; I don't like this. I would drop the last preposition from the headword of the phrasal verb, to obtain "look forward" and "get along". That verbs take prepositions is a phenomenon different from phrasal verbs. "Can I help you with the homework?" does not mean "help with" is a phrasal verb.

Other classification:
 * Phrasal verbs
 * Transitive
 * Separable
 * Cases: look up ("look it up"), pin down
 * Inseparable
 * Cases: come accross
 * Question: Can particle phrasal verbs end up in this class?
 * Intransitive
 * Inseparable (always)

Three-word phrasal verb
These are also in above. Examples:
 * come out with (M-W,Macmillan, oxforddictionaries.com)
 * come up with (Collins, Macmillan, oxforddictionaries.com)
 * crack down on (oxforddictionaries.com)
 * get around to (M-W, Macmillan, oxforddictionaries.com)
 * get out of (M-W, Macmillan, oxforddictionaries.com)

double up as is in RFD, later at Talk:double up as.

Link to German

 * "Phrasal verbs that contain adverbs are sometimes called "particle verbs", and are related to separable verbs in other Germanic languages."[WP]

Books

 * The Ultimate Phrasal Verb Book by Carl W. Hart
 * Chambers Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs
 * Phrasal constructions and resultativeness in English by Marina Gorlach - continental, mentioning Saussure, claiming one sign has one "unitary" meaning; suspect
 * A semantic approach to English grammar by Robert M. W. Dixon
 * Multi-word Verbs in Early Modern English by Claudia Claridge
 * Google Books search
 * Google Books search