User:Gnosandes/Nakh


 * [Nirvi 1971: 26] ~
 * > [Kallio 2021: 133] ~  (resp. aasĕ) [Kadagidze 1984: 44] >  [Imnajshvili 1977: 61, 119]
 * Salaca < *suⁱźi < *suźi < *suci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~ nom. pl.  (resp. ʕanair) < *ʕanaⁱri < *ʕanari
 * Salaca < *toⁱźi < *toźi < *toci [Kallio 2016: 54] ~  (resp. maiqĭ) < *maⁱqi < nom. sg. *maqi < obl. *maaq-i-

Revised
 * | *gāʒa(-n) [S&N 1994], *gāʒa [Bjørn 2017] (*z = *ʒ)
 * | *epu [Schrijver 2021]
 * | *mālχ [S&N 1994]
 * | *jalχ (~ -ā-) [S&N 1994]
 * | *nalχ[o] [S&N 1994]
 * | *ʔālχVʒur [S&N 1994], *ʔaːlxaʒur [Starostin Jr. 2011]
 * | *bumba-r- (~ -ū-) [S&N 1994], *bumbor-oj [Mudrak 2018]
 * | *mārs [S&N 1994]
 * | *nārs [S&N 1994]
 * | *lām [S&N 1994]
 * | *laːči [Schrijver 2021]
 * | *n(ɦ)iṭṭ (~ -ī-) [S&N 1994]
 * | *naci [S&N 1994], *nace [Schrijver 2021]
 * | *ʡe [S&N 1994], *ʕi [Schrijver 2021]
 * | *māšu [S&N 1994], *maːšu [Schrijver 2021]
 * | *ʁōʁ [S&N 1994], *ghoodagh [Nichols 2004]
 * | *ħadV (~ -ā-) [S&N 1994], *hwaad-u- [Nichols 2004]

Dialects [:1944: is a date, as an indication of the place of residence after the deportation of the Nakh peoples to Central Asia and Siberia (except for the and ).]


 * Nakh
 * Vainakh [Initially, it includes three separate idioms, two of which (Chechen and Ingush) formed into two separate languages during the Soviet period, the third functions as dialects of the first or second.]
 * Chechen
 * Galanchozh
 * Ingush
 * Bats

Sommerfelt's Ambiguity
 * Starostin & Nikolaev (+ Nichols)
 * *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
 * *lx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx (but *aalxazur > -lx- in all)
 * Sommerfelt (+ Schrijver)
 * *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
 * *tx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx
 * My ❤
 * *rx > Chechen rx, Ingush rx, Akkin rx, Bats rx
 * *Cx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats tx
 * *Cx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin rx, Bats ? (+ )
 * *lx > Chechen lx, Ingush lx, Akkin lx, Bats lx

Revision of the laryngeal system

-

Chechen loomu; Bats lamu, lamun, lamũ, lamuv

Nominative Singular
 * loam-Ø &#8814; *laam-Ø

Genitive Singular
 * loam-a < loam-ã < *loam-ũ < *laam-ũ < *laam-u-ᶰ

Ergative Singular
 * loam-uo < *loam-u-w < *laam-u-w

Dative Singular
 * loam-aa < loam-a-a < *loam-a-na < *loam-u-na < *laam-u-na

Instrumental Singular
 * loam-a-ca < *loam-u-ci < *laam-u-ci [> *laam-i-ci > *leam-i-ci ?]

Comparison Singular
 * loam-a-l < *loam-u-l < *laam-u-l

Allative Singular
 * loam-a-ga < *loam-u-go < *laam-u-go

Lative Singular
 * loam-a-x < *loam-u-x < *laam-u-x


 * Ingush all.sg. loam-a-ga > nom.pl. loam-a-š [> (voicing) loam-a-ž] + all.sg. -ga > all.pl. loam-a-š-ga > (assimilation) loam-a-š-ka > (alignment) loam-a-ž-ka > loamažka (лоам)


 * *ebc̣aᶰ (v.) ~ *dašeb (n.) ~ *ṭateb (n.)
 * Ch. ийза, In. овза, Ba. ebc̣ã ~ Ch. деши, In. дошув ~ Ch. дети, In. дотув, Ba. ṭateb