User:Julien Daux/Navajo roots - backup

Etymology
From, with nasalized perfective.

One of the most productive root occurring in all Athabaskan languages, in a wide range of themes and specialized meanings.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, , , , with similar extended meanings.

Root

 * 1) to handle SRO

Motion themes:

Other themes:


 * }

Synonyms
SRO verbs:

to sing: to act with body:

Etymology
From. Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬

Found in Navajo in bases related to the eating of hard or crispy food like peanut, candy, celery, bacon.

Root

 * 1) to eat hard object


 * }

Synonyms
to eat: to chew, to bite:
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1. gray


 * }

Antonyms
Colors:

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) FFO hangs


 * }

Synonyms
FFO verbs: to turn, to whirl: to hang:

Etymology
The root is cognate with the root, both possibly originating from.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,.

Root

 * 1) roll


 * }

Synonyms
to roll: to be curved, bent:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to defecate, to cover with filth, to masturbate


 * }

Synonyms
dirty:

Etymology 1
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Occurs in Navajo in bases related to “fleeing” and “running”.

Root

 * 1) to flee, to run out


 * }

Synonyms
to run: to flee: to run out, to exhaust:

Etymology 2
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to smell, to sniff


 * }

Synonyms
odor floats: to know:

Root

 * 1) to move suspended by means of a handle or cord
 * }

Synonyms
SFO verbs: to hang:

Root

 * 1) come into being
 * 2) be born
 * 3) ()  there is birth, to be born.
 * 4) ( causative)  to bring into being, to give birth; to make, to build.
 * 5) ( passive) to be born; to be related by clan.
 * 6) ( causative-reflexive) to cause oneself to be, to bring oneself into being; to feign, to pretend.
 * 7) write
 * 8) ( +  transitive) to write, to mark, to tattoo.
 * 9) ( +  reflexive) to tattoo oneself.
 * 10) collect (maybe original meaning?)
 * 11) () to collect money, donations.
 * 12) crowd  (maybe a different root?)
 * 13) () to gather, to form a crowd.
 * 14) ()  to have a nightmare.

Etymology
Probably from. Often occurs with intensive infix indicating a deeper, browner color tone.

Root

 * 1) red


 * }

Antonyms
Colors:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Related to.

Root

 * 1)  to abrade, to saw, to file, to scrub


 * }

Synonyms
to saw: rough:

Etymology
Probably from, with multiple extended meanings.

Cognate roots found in 🇨🇬,, , , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, ,.

Root
1. to curl, to shrivel 2. fire crackles
 * }

|}

3. plant


 * }

Synonyms
to curl: to blink: lightning strikes:

Etymology
From.

Often appears with intensive infix in bases related to popping or bursting.

Root
1. to pop, to bubble, to burst

2. to eat leafy matter, to graze
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to eat: to pop: to bubble:
 * (hard O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology 1
From.

Found in a wide range of extended meanings across all Athabaskan languages including Navajo, with potentially convergence in shape with other roots (see below “to jolt”), making the analyzis quite difficult.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, , , 🇨🇬,.

The Navajo root describes the movement of a slender flexible object (as a rope, a chain, a wire,...), of objects coming in pairs (as gloves, shoes, scissors,...), or of a group of animate objects (as a band, a tribe, a herd). Extended meanings include the eating of plural objects (as berries), the slamming of an object (like a rope but not exclusively) against another one, and the conception of a baby or egg.

Root
1. SFO moves or falls (a rope, a pair of shoes, a tribe)

2. to eat plural objects
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
SFO verbs: crowd, herd moves: to bounce:

to hit:

to eat:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology 2
From. Maybe related to above from, with its extended meaning related to “hitting”, “striking”  or “slamming”.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to jolt, to jar, to shake


 * }

Synonyms
to shake:

Root
Several unrelated stems may be involved.


 * 1) disappear
 * 2) ( +  thematic) to disappear, to become non-existent, to die.
 * 3) ( +  causative) to get rid of, to destroy.
 * 4) endure
 * 5) ( thematic) (to stand it, found only in the negative) to be bored, to dislike, to despise.
 * 6) ( 3rd person +  thematic)  to survive, to live.
 * 7) ( 3rd person +  mediopassive) to enjoy.

Etymology
From. Always occurs with thematic "fire"  in associated verb bases.

Root

 * 1) light
 * 2) ( "fire" + ) light shines.
 * 3) (' "fire" + ' causative)  to cause light to shine; to direct light.

Usage notes
The root -díín is irregular, since *-dį́ would be expected. -díín is invariable in shape (i.e., there are no other forms for different aspects or tenses).

Root

 * 1) twist
 * 2) (' or ' ) to twist it, to spin it, to wrap it, to bandage.
 * 3) ( reflexive) to roll dirt off of oneself.
 * 4) ( or  passive)  to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.
 * 5) Misc.
 * 6) () to clean one's gun (by twisting the cleaning patch back out).
 * 7) () to catch a rabbit (by twisting it out of its hole), to go rabbit hunting.
 * 8) ( "legs" +  causative-reflexive) to move with swift short steps (as in throwing a javelin).

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) to drink
 * }

Synonyms
to eat:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to laugh, to smile
 * }

Antonyms
to cry:

Etymology
From. Occurs only in Southern Athabaskan languages.

Root

 * 1) to go on all four, to creep, to trot (a horse)


 * }

Usage notes
Each entry can appear in the unspecified subject person with preposed P-ił (“with P”), expressing the motion of P riding (a horse), ex:

Synonyms
to trot: to creep:

Etymology
From.

Describes the movement of gas (air, cloud, smoke) in motion themes and the bursting of gas containers (as a sack of air, a tyre) in successive themes.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,.

Root

 * 1) to float in the air (smoke, cloud, balloon)


 * }

Synonyms
to float:

to pop: cloud floats (smoke, fog, dust, stench):

Root

 * 1) hot

Root

 * 1) stagger


 * }

Synonyms
to stagger:

Etymology

 * 1) breathe
 * 2) ( / ) to breathe.
 * 3)  to speak, to exclaim, to make a speech.
 * 4)  to vow, to promise, to swear.
 * 5)   to curse.
 * 6) remain
 * 7) (Ø) to remain, to survive, to be left over.
 * 8) heal
 * 9)  to heal (as a wound).

Etymology
From, from Pre-. Cognate with and.

Root

 * 1) to pull, to drag, to tow


 * }

Synonyms
to pull, to drag:

Etymology
From.

Occurs in a very productive motion theme related to floating or sailing, but also occurs in a couple of unproductive bases related to the action of water (flush, sift, sweat, dissolve), and in a neuter theme (to droop or hang down).

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, , with similar extended meanings.

Root

 * 1) to float


 * }

Synonyms
to float: action of water, moisture:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬.

Evolved in Navajo to mean “lead 2+ objects”, in contradiction with, “lead a single object”.

Root
1. to lead plural object

2. to string beads
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to lead:

Etymology
Probably from. Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

The extended meanings of “to be hot” and “to hurt” seem to be proper to Navajo among Athabascan languages.

Root

 * 1. white


 * }
 * 2. hot


 * }

Synonyms
warm, hot: to hurt:

Antonyms
Colors: cold, cool:

Root

 * 1) kill
 * 2) () to kill two or more objects.
 * 3) ( reciprocal) to kill each other, to fight; (reflexive) to kill themselves, to commit suicide.

Root

 * 1) snore
 * 2) ( + ) to snore.

Etymology
From.

Occurs in Navajo in bases of disparate meanings related to “bubbling”, “shouting” and “sleeping”, probably originating in distinct roots that merged in shape.

These meanings are found in parts in other Athabaskan languages too:
 * in 🇨🇬,, ;
 * in 🇨🇬, ;
 * in 🇨🇬,, , ;
 * in 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to bubble, to boil

2. to shout
 * }

3. to sleep
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to bubble: to boil:

Etymology
Closely related to root, "to bite".

Root

 * 1) gnaw
 * 2) ()  to gnaw, to nibble.

Etymology
Closely related to root, "to gnaw".

Root

 * 1) bite
 * 2) ( thematic)  to bite.

Etymology
From.

Root
1. to fall (animate), to rush (stream), to billow (fog)

2. to tackle, to butt, to collide; to bang O, to hit O
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
AnO verbs: water flows: cloud floats (smoke, fog, dust, stench): to hit:

Etymology 1
The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root.

Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as Ø-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *Ø-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using Ø/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

Root
This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.
 * 1) act
 * 2) () to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
 * 3) () to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
 * 4) (' + ') to take possession of, to make something one's own.
 * 5) ('/  + ' +   ) to happen, to take place.
 * 6) Misc. thematic
 * 7) () to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.
 * 8) () to be useful; to use.
 * 9) () to live.
 * 10) () to discuss, to bother, to harass.
 * 11) ()  to imitate.
 * 12) () to pretend, to fake, to play like.
 * 13) to pay attention.
 * 14) () to quit, to surrender.
 * 15) wealthy (root ?)
 * 16) ( thematized) to be wealthy.
 * 17) dislike
 * 18) () to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.
 * 19) () to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).

Etymology 2
Probably related to, “to see, to look”.

Root

 * 1) bark

Etymology
From, a root with multiple meanings throughout the Athabaskan languages, related to sticky matter, and to the handling or movement of a liquid, viscous or granular mass or of a plurality of objects.

Compare 🇨🇬,, , , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,.

Occurs in Navajo in bases related to the parallel positioning of plural elongated subjects (sticks, ropes or animated), to the running of plural subjects (see also and  for a similar connection between the movement of rope-like objects (SFO) and running), and to the greasing or sticking of objects.

Root
1. plural S lie, recline

2. plural S run
 * }


 * }

3. to stick, to cause to adhere, to smear, to grease


 * }

Synonyms
to lie, to recline: to run: to stick, to adhere:

to grease, to coat:

Etymology
Derivation uncertain. This root is not found outside of Navajo.

Root

 * 1) to lug, to carry a burden on one's back


 * }

Synonyms
LPB verbs:

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) NCM moves
 * Classificatory root for non-compact matter as hair, a wig, or hay, and by extension, smoke, steam, dust, or a stench. The base classifier theme is intransitive and applies to NCM's independent motion or state, while the classifier theme is transitive-causative and applies to the handling (carry, bring, give...) and propelling (throw, toss, drop,...) of NCM.
 * 1) (Ø) NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.
 * 2) (ł) to handle or propel NCM, to keep NCM at rest.
 * 3) spherical
 * 4) to be ball-shaped, globular, round, plump.
 * 5) to huddle, to draw oneself together, to bend, to sneak.

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to be cold


 * }

Synonyms
cold, cool:

Antonyms
warm, hot:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Occurs in Southern Athabaskan along with thematic in bases related to thinking. This meaning is probably rather related to the non-nasalized form of (in which the nazalization is non-etymological).

Root
1. to cough

2. to think, to ponder, to decide
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to think:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

The nasal vowel, found only in Navajo, is unexplained. See also where some confusion has arisen.

Root

 * 1) SSO moves, falls (as a stick, a pencil)


 * }

Synonyms
SSO verbs:

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) to slide


 * }

2. to eat chunky object
 * }

Synonyms
to slide: to eat:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology
-LAA exhibits quite irregular stem alternations, and uses a number of expletive roots (see ).

-LAA ultimately derives from.

D-effect in the 1st person duoplural, passive and reflexive forms undergoes special alternations.

Root

 * 1) make
 * 2) to make.

Etymology
Closely related to -LǪ́.

This root seems to only take si-Perfectives in all verb bases.

Root

 * 1) become
 * 2) to become; to bring into being.
 * 3) ()  an event happens; to bring about an event.
 * 4) () to come into being, to come up, to be born.
 * 5) () to be of value; to set a high price.

Root

 * 1) urinate
 * 2) () to urinate

Etymology
From, from Pre-. Cognate with and.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to lead a single animate object


 * }

Synonyms
to lead:

Etymology
The root is cognate with the root, both possibly originating from.

Root

 * 1) roll


 * }

Synonyms
to roll: to curl: spherical: to shake: to twirl:

Etymology
Root not found in other Athabaskan languages. Maybe related to.

Root

 * 1) to gobble, to eat quickly


 * }

Synonyms
to eat: gluttonous:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology 1
From. Related to and to. Maybe originating in several distinct roots.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to live

2. to last, to endure (supplies)
 * }

3. to act slowly
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to live, to come to life: to last, to endure:

Antonyms
to die: to run out, to exhaust:

Etymology 2
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke


 * }

Synonyms
to regurgitate:

Etymology 3
From, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.

Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,,.

Root
1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)

2. to crawl, to creep
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to crawl, to creep: to wilt: to last, to endure: to run out, to exhaust:

Etymology
From, from pre-, a root with many disparate meanings, perhaps resulting in the merger of originally distinct roots.

A first meaning involves action with the hand (squeeze, touch). Another meaning relates to the passing of an invisible or hazy entity, as an epidemic, a cold wave, a fad, a swarm, and also relates to pain, ache. A last meaning relates to mental actions as to know, to be aware, to remember.

shares many stems with the roots, , , , , , ~  and , each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.

Maybe as a consequence, the themes in this root often do not behave as neatly as with other roots (classifiers, aspect, conjugations may follow irregular alternations).

Root
1. to act with the hand


 * }

2. to hurt, to be painful


 * }

3. a wave passes or spreads (epidemic, a heat wave, a crowd, a swarm, a fad)


 * }

4. to know, to be aware


 * }

Synonyms
to act with body:

to hurt: crowd or herd moves:

to know:

Derived terms
==-NISH==

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to work


 * }

Etymology
From, probably one of the most polysemous root across all Athabascan languages.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, , ,, , , , , , , among many other meanings in the sole Ahtna language.

Occurs in Navajo as momentaneous perfective -TÁ or, in themes related to the handling of stick-like objects (SSO), to raining, to teaching, to the gallopping of a horse, and also acts as the suppletive neuter stem of (plural S sit).

Root
1. to handle SSO


 * }

2. to rain

3. to teach; to understand, to guess
 * }


 * }

4. plural S sit


 * }

5. to gallop


 * }

Stem set
The stem set of this root shows a great deal of variation and irregular alternations across the various meanings and aspects.

Synonyms
SSO verbs: to teach: to understand: to sit: to rain:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to fly


 * }

Etymology 1
From, in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬,.

Root
1. to move the foot


 * }


 * See also other roots of attacking like,, , , etc, for a similar alternation between , ,  and  in successive themes.

2. to pop, spurt, fly off


 * }


 * The first two bases are seriative forms of the “dash” theme above.

Synonyms
to act with body: to go swiftly, to dash: to pop:

Etymology 2
Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.

Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.

Root

 * 1) to sing, to hold a ceremony


 * }

Stem set

 * }

Synonyms
to sing:

Etymology 1
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to be


 * }

2. Various meanings depending on thematic prefix


 * }

Synonyms
to be:

Etymology 2
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme related to hopping (literally, to “throw” oneself successively).

Root

 * 1) to propel a slender stiff object (SSO) or animate object (AnO)


 * }

Synonyms
AnO verbs: SSO verbs: to hop:

Etymology 1
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬 (with metathesis), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Describes the extension into a line of a slender flexible object as a rope, a wire, and by extension, a fence, a road, rails or a line of people.

Root

 * 1) SFO extends


 * }

Synonyms
SFO verbs:

Etymology 2
Etymology uncertain. Cognate not found in other Athabaskan languages.

There is some variation in the actual stems of the imperfective and perfective modes, both and  being reported by various sources. Perhaps an influence of -TʼIʼ above.

Root
1. to stagger, to wobble

2. to go swiftly, to streak
 * }

3. to beat hard, to pound (the heart of a frightened person)
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to stagger: to go swiftly, to dash:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to trot, to jog (a biped)


 * }

Synonyms
to trot:

Etymology
From, classificatory root for mushy or decrepit objects (as mud, butter, a rotten rag), or animate object sharing such characteristics (as a frog, a drunken person).

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme describing the hopping of a frog (literally, a mushy object throwing itself successively).

Root
1. to handle or propel mushy matter (as butter, mud)


 * }

2. to be wet
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
MM verbs:

to hop: action of water, moisture:

Etymology
Cognate root found in 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) dark brown, bruised, stained or spotted with brown
 * }

Synonyms
dark:

Etymology 1
From.

Root

 * 1) blue, green


 * }

Synonyms
action of water, moisture:

Antonyms
Colors:

Etymology 2
From.

Root

 * 1) wriggle


 * }

Synonyms
to wiggle, to squirm: to stagger: to be curved, bent:

Etymology
Cognate root not found outside of Southern Athabaskan.

Root

 * 1) AnO moves, falls


 * }

Synonyms
AnO verbs:

Root

 * 1) to weave
 * 2) to weave, to tie, to lace.

Etymology 1
Exact identification of the root is difficult.

Possibly cognate with from  describing the subject's mud-like texture. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Alternatively, cognate with from, describing the subject's tearing apart from being too soft or overboiled.

Root

 * 1) to be soft, tender, flexible, over-boiled


 * }

Synonyms
to be soft:

Etymology 2
Perhaps from, with an irregular coda evolution (*-g> -ʼ or -h would be expected). The original velar resurfaces in. See for the regularly derived root.

Alternatively, from. Compare 🇨🇬. See for the regularly derived root.

Root

 * 1) arrow is stuck (into flesh)


 * }

Etymology 1
From. Related to and.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to suck, to nurse, to pump, to inject


 * }

Synonyms
to suck: to inject, to pour:

Etymology 2
Perhaps from, with an irregular coda evolution (*-čʼ> -sh would be expected). See also for a similar issue.

Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, with meanings identical to the ones found in Navajo.

Root
1. to tear, to peel, to wear out


 * }

2. to wipe


 * }

Synonyms
to tear, to rip: to pluck: to wear out: to wipe:

Etymology 1
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) to eat mushy object (as cornmeal)


 * }

Synonyms
to eat:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)

Etymology 2
Probably from. Found only in some neuter perfective bases. Probably related to this root, a secondary meaning also occurs in neuter bases describing objects parallel to one another as rails, poles, columns of smoke.

Root
1. to be coiled, spiraled 2. to lie parallel
 * }
 * }

Stem set

 * }

Synonyms
to coil: to lie parallel:

Etymology
Alternative shapes : -TSʼÍSÍ, -TSʼÍHÍ.

Root

 * 1) to be small.

Stem set

 * }

Root

 * 1) big

Stem set

 * }

Etymology
Probably from. Also occurs with intensive infix indicating a darker color tone as orange.

Root

 * 1) yellow


 * }

Antonyms
Colors:

Etymology
From. Maybe cognate with.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to stretch, to become taut


 * }

Synonyms
to stretch, to straighten: to pull:

Etymology
From, classificatory root for flat flexible objects, as fabric, skins or paper.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to handle FFO


 * }

Synonyms
FFO verbs:

Root

 * 1) to be slender.

Etymology
From. Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,.

Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.

Root
1. to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp

2. to rock
 * }

3. to run
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to run: to go swiftly, to dash: to bend: to rock: to shake:

Root

 * 1) do
 * 2) ('/'/) to do, to act.
 * 3) ('/'/' + ') to happen.
 * 4) Misc. thematic
 * 5) ('/') to get ready; to prepare it.
 * 6) () to injure.
 * 7) () to copy it, to take a picture of it.
 * 8) () to repair.
 * 9) () to attract.
 * 10) () to be just in time for it.

Etymology
Probably from.

The first consonant fuses with the preceding consonant from classifiers or subject prefixes, resulting in various alternations :  YĄ́Ą́ʼ, DĄ́Ą́ʼ, SĄ́Ą́ʼ, SHĄ́Ą́ʼ, ZĄ́Ą́ʼ.

Root

 * 1) to eat
 * }

Synonyms
to eat:
 * (hard O)
 * (leafy O)
 * (plural O)
 * (liquid O)
 * (meat)
 * (chunky O)
 * (mushy O)

Etymology
Probably from.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬,.

Root
1. dark

2. calm, quiet
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
dark: calm:

Etymology
Probably from.

Root

 * 1) to turn


 * }

Note: cf. The pair /  parallels the pair  /, but YM doesn't call the latter a Conclusive aspect?

Synonyms
to slide: to wiggle, to squirm: to rock, to sway: to turn: to twirl: crowd or herd moves:

Etymology
Probably from.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) black


 * }

Synonyms
dark: to blacken:

Antonyms
Colors:

Etymology
This root appears on a number of disparate meanings, possibly all derived from an underlying meaning "to poke about, to move rhythmically".

Root

 * 1) poke
 * 2) () to poke.
 * 3) rise
 * 4) () to rise, to reach a level, to break out.
 * 5) dance
 * 6) ( + ) to dance.
 * 7) time passes
 * 8) ( + ) time passes.

Etymology
From. Relates to the mind.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to think, to want, to know


 * }

Synonyms
to know: to want: to think:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to be warm, tepid


 * }

Synonyms
warm, hot:

Antonyms
cold, cool:

Etymology
From.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

In Southern Athabaskan, the root evolved to mean “to mark”, “to draw a line or a border”. In Navajo, it is also found in bases related to the four operations.

Root
1. to mark, to write 2. to add, to subtract, to multiply
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to write:

Etymology
From, from Pre-. Cognate with and.

Cognate root found in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Root
1. to pull or tear gently

2. to be striped
 * }


 * }

Synonyms
to pull, to drag: to tear: