User:Justinrleung/PSM

Additional Proto-Southern Min reconstructions based on the system of Kwok (2018).

'leopard'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pà QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'cheap'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pan-gî QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The Quanzhou form and Jieyang form  are of literary origin.

'sample'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pān QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'square'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pang QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to release'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pàng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'wall'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM piah QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Datian unexpectedly retains the glottal stop coda.

'clay bowl'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM poah QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'belly'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pak QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Leizhou and Hainanese, this word is only preserved in 'malaria' (usually written as ).

'classifier for drawings'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pak QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to strip off'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pak QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to copulate'
PSM Douglas (1873): TA puih QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Jieyang (and Tong'an), it means "to scold". Compare Cantonese "to copulate > to scold".

'heat rash; prickly heat'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pùi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Jieyang form is voiced unexpectedly.

'to mend'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 86, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

'dried'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to chew'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pɵ̄ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'spot; speckle'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pan ; QZ paiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The modern Quanzhou form is from a literary stratum.

'side'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pêng ; QZ pûiⁿ ; ZZ pân, pêng ; TA pâiⁿ , pîn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'(a surname)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM png ; ZZ puiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form is probably from a literary stratum (cf.,  ).

'volume; capital'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pún ; QZ pńg QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'heap'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pû ; TA (sometimes) bû QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to bake; to roast; to heat'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pû QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to divide'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pun QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'bad'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM pháiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.

'to carry in the hands'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM phâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

It is unclear whether the Jieyang form is derived from this etymon.

'cloth; kerchief'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM phè, ZZ phɛ̀ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to spit'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM phùi, ZZ phòe QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The tone in Haikou is irregular; perhaps it is a reanalysis of tone 5, which is quite similar to tone 1.

'to copulate; penis (?)'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

In Jieyang, there seems to have been a deletion of the coda.

In Haikou, it is used in the word "to scold". Compare Cantonese "to copulate > to scold".

'ugly'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bái QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Unclear how this word relates to 'bad'.

'to hit hard'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'wood' (modified)
PSM (Kwok ) Douglas (1873): XM ba̍k QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) reconstructs this word with based on Haifeng, but it seems to be an irregular reflex in words like   'bedbug'; the regular reflex  is attested in words like  *. Also, the Hainanese forms are more reliable for determining vs..

Kwok also lists for Datian, but this seems to be literary. I have replaced it with, as in  'bedbug'.

The Leizhou form is clearly literary and would thus not contribute to the reconstruction.

'not yet'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bē ; QZ bȫ ; ZZ bōe QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to wish; will'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM beh ; QZ böh, boh ; ZZ boeh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ; HK ; WC

Zhangzhou may be influenced by Xiamen.

The Datian form seems to be irregular. A borrowing from neighbouring counties in Quanzhou?

It is unclear whether the Haikou word is related.

'to hide'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bih QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'don't'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bo̍h QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to strike with a stick; to whip'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bu̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'to drape'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM moaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to conceal'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'eel'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'full'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM moáⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'pubic hair'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

In Xiamen and Taiwanese as, mostly preserved in the phrase , used as insult to describe someone who is shameless or useless.

The tone in Haikou is irregular; the expected tone is tone 1, which is a rising tone, like tone 5.

'to soil; to defile'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bak QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'quick'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM míⁿ, mɛ́ⁿ QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'late'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM mńg, ZZ múiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'thing'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM mi̍hⁿ ; QZ/TA mn̍gh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou form is possibly derived like this: >  >  >.

The tone in the Datian form is unclear; different sources record different tones, and neither tone is expected.

'honey'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bi̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Reconstruction to is solely based on the Hainanese members.

'reluctantly; for now'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM bóng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

It is unclear whether the Quanzhou form is related.

Fielde (1883) records mńg, meaning "for the time, just, merely", which may be related to this word.

'membrane; film'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM mɵ̍hⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'male'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ta-pɵ ; ZZ tsa-pɵ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form may be influenced by Central Min (e.g., Shaxian ).

The Zhangzhou, Leizhou and Hainanese forms may be due to analogy with (cf.  and ).

'grain seedling'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'millet'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tai QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'insect that breeds in grains'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tâi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'sediment'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tái, ZZ tsái QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'gallbladder; courage'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM táⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'courtyard'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tiâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'single; bill'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'unlaid egg'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to play (a stringed instrument) with fingers'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM toâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'quiet'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tiām QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The tone in Quanzhou may be a result of reanalysis. The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

'nail'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM teng, QZ tan QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to.

'to nail'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tèng, QZ tàn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to.

'same'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'shaman'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'firm'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tauh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Zhangzhou form is irregular.

'flute'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Jieyang form is of literary origin.

'to be worth'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to grasp tightly; to pinch'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tīⁿ, ZZ tɛ̄ⁿ QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'(a surname)'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tè, QZ tö̀ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form seems to come from a literary stratum.

'bag'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tē QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'generation'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tē QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

'to wear on the head'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tì QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'which'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tī QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou tone may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (tone 6 sandhis to tone 4).

The Datian form is irregular (borrowed from Central Min?).

'to break off'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tn̄g, ZZ tūiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'meal'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tǹg, ZZ tùiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to throw'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tìm QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'plate'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form is probably from a literary layer; compare Xiamen.

The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from Hakka.

'to want'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h, ZZ ti̍hⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Zhangzhou form is unexpectedly nasalized.

'to escape'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tô QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Datian and Hainanese (and Leizhou?), this word has developed the meaning of 'to hide'.

'to fill'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tóe, ZZ té QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'hall'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tn̂g QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to pawn'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tǹg QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'curtain'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tiùⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to pick'
PSM Douglas (1873): ZZ to̍h QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to blaze up'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM to̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'at'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tī QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ; HK ; WC

'layer'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM têng, ZP tiông QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to hit the mark'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tèng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

, as in 'typhoon'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thai QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Datian uses  instead.

'to rinse'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thoā QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'pimple'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thiâu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

The Quanzhou, Jieyang and Leizhou forms point to tone 2, but the Zhangzhou and Wenchang forms point to tone 4.

'to be hurt; to love'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thiàⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to spread'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'coal'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to ladle'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to rub'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thoah QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'clean; thorough'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM theh, ZZ thɛh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'boil'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thê, QZ thö̂ , ZZ thôe QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to ask for'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thó QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'soup'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'grave; tomb'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM thióng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'squid'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM jiû QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to rub'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM jê, ZZ jôe QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'mattress'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM jio̍k, QZ ge̍k QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

The tone in Datian is irregular.

'tangled; messy'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM jû, ZZ jî QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'if'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to stay'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'only'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to knead'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM noáⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to writhe'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM noàⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'rotten'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM noāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'pus'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 46, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

'to creep'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM nǹg, ZZ nùiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

'lukewarm'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lûn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The reconstruction to is mostly based on Hainanese.

The recorded tone for Quanzhou is compatible with the reconstructed tones after sandhi: QZ tone 2 and tone 5 both sandhi to tone 4.

'lard'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lâ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'to swindle'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM láu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'sirih'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM láu QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Fielde (1883) records láu.

'remainder; excess'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lân QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'pangolin'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lâ-lí QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The reconstruction of the first syllable is uncertain; it is mostly based on the evidence from Haikou. Assuming as the reconstruction, the  would have been deleted in Fujian varieties and reduced to  in Chaoshan varieties, probably because of the following. The rime in Leizhou is quite irregular; it may be due to reduction in a less prominent position.

The tone in the second syllable of the Zhangzhou form is irregular.

'male genitalia'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lān QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone reflex in Datian is irregular.

The form in Haikou is only found in 'scrotum', where there is regressive place assimilation. Compare Wenchang.

'wheel'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lién QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms can only be derived from, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from.

'cage'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'basket; chest'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM láng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'strength'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM la̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

does briefly mention the reconstruction of this word on page 152, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

'to fall'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lak QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'cold'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to slit; to cut'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM le̍h, ZZ lɛ̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to skim; to slice'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM liô QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'tall, long, thick'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lò, QZ liò QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'young gentleman'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM nn̂g QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'(a surname)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM niûⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to glance'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lioh, lió QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'slightly'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM lio̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to heat up; to steam'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM liū QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'female'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsa-bɵ́ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form has an irregular reflex on the first syllable. Note that and  are almost identical ( and, respectively) after tone sandhi. Assuming that the glottal stop is epenthetic, the only irregularity is the vowel, which may be due to regressive rounding assimilation with the , similar to Haikou.

'navel'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsâi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Chaoyang form is unexpectedly nasalized.

The Datian and Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary layer.

'(a surname)'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siā, ZZ chiā QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Xiamen and Quanzhou forms are from, the same reading as for “to thank”.

'line; journey; time'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoā QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'complete, regular'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chiâu, QZ tsâu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'first month'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chiaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to boil'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'spring; fountain'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'slops'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'a kind of rice'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chiam QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'(a surname)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsan QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'fishing net'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsan QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'palm'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsang QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou and Wenchang forms seem to be from a literary stratum.

'braid; queue; hair bun'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsang QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'glutinous rice dumpling'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsàng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'trace; place'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chiah, jiah QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to differ, to miss'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoa̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'vegetarian diet'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM che ; ZZ chɛ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The modern Zhangzhou form is irregular.

'cicada'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê ; QZ ka-chê ; ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂ QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ---; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---

No reflexes in the modern varieties above, but it appears in many varieties of Hokkien.

'sleep'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsē, ZZ tsōe , TA tsȫ QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'female genitalia'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone in Haikou is irregular.

'brick'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsng, ZZ tsuiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to suck'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g, ZZ tsūiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'whorl on the head'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g, ZZ tsūiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to feel for something in a hole, pocket, etc.'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM jîm, ZZ, TA chîm QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Zhangzhou form has an unexpectedly voiced initial.

'aunt (wife of father's younger brother)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chím, ZZ sím QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

mentions this word on page 163, only reconstructing its final.

Most modern reflexes point to, except Chaoshan and Haikou forms.

'to fold'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chih QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'regular'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsôe, QZ tsö̂e , ZZ chê QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

briefly mentions this word on page 171 but does not provide a reconstruction.

'plantain; banana'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chio QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to do; to work (the fields)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsoh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to slice'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tso̍eh, QZ tsö̍eh , ZZ che̍h QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to borrow; to lend'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chioh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'book'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsu ; QZ tsü QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Zhangzhou form is literary.

'yam'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsû ; QZ tsü̂, ZZ chî QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

() 'goblet; cup'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM cheng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'bell'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM cheng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

mentions the reconstruction of this word on pages 129 and 148, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

'to pound'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM cheng, ZP chiong QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to swell'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chéng, ZP chióng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to plant'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chèng, ZZ chiòng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'all (people)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chèng, ZZ chiòng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'sound made in calling poultry'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsû QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'the (year) before last'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsûn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form comes from.

'to suck'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'to wipe'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM tsu̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'convulsion'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The nasalization in Jieyang in unexpected. Fielde (1883) records chái.

'to adjust'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhiâu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'bolt; latch'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhoàⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The Haikou tone seems to be irregular, but it could be an error in the Haikou dictionary since tone 1 and tone 5 are both rising.

'to flush'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhiâng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'lacquer'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhat QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to chisel; to pierce'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chha̍k QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'slant'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhoa̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Chaoshan, Leizhou and Wenchang forms suggest, but other varieties point to.

'green'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhiⁿ, ZZ chhɛⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to sip'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chheh ; QZ chhöh ; ZZ chhoeh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

This meaning of this word has extended to 'to drink' in Leizhou and Hainan.

'damp'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhî QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to try'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhì QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'cold'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhìn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'anyhow; as you please'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhìn-chhái QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'swimming crab'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhi̍h QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'rice flour; rice dough'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhòe QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'virile'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhio QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to scrub'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhòe ; ZZ chhè QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Credits to KaraageTimer for mentioning this correspondence set.

'brush'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhéng, TA chháiⁿ , QZ chhǘiⁿ , ZZ chhán QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'wall'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhiûⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to sob'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhoeh ; ZZ chheh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

In some varieties of Hokkien, the meaning has become more metaphorical: 'to hate' and 'to repent'.

Perhaps 'to cherish; to kiss' in Leizhou, Haikou and Wenchang  is the same word?

'to blow (one's nose)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM chhèng, ZZ chhiòng QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'teacher'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sai QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 170, but he does not provide a reconstruction.

'west'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sai QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'lion'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sai QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary stratum.

'private'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sai QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

, as in 'familiar'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sāi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to serve'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sāi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'wives of brothers'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sāi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'semen'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siâu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ---; WC ---

'rust'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sien, ZZ/TA san QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'loose'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sang QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'tin'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siah QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'fragment'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sap QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'kidney'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siēn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

This word has an unexpected tone 5 reflex in Leizhou and Hainan.

'sacrificial animal; domestic animal'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siⁿ, ZZ sɛⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

'raincoat'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sui QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to flash; to twinkle'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sih QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.

'millet'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sóe ; QZ sö́e ; ZZ sé QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

In Chaozhou, this is pronounced as.

'mutually'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM saⁿ ~ sio ; QZ saⁿ ; ZZ sio QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou form seems to be irregular. The Leizhou form is from a literary layer.

'slime'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM siûⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'ignorant; stupid'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sông QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to suck'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM suh, ZP soh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'fragment; crumb'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM sut QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'(classifier)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ê, QZ gê QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

There is significant reduction in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Datian, where reduces by coalescence to, and  is lenited to  or deleted.

'dirt; filth (on the skin)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM káu-koeh-sien, ZZ káu-koeh-san QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone of the first syllable in Leizhou and Haikou are irregular.

'(a surname)'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM koa QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form is from a literary stratum.

'interval of time; half a day'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'tadpole' (modified)
PSM (Kwok ) Douglas (1873): XM kui QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ---; LZ ; HK ---; WC ---

The Quanzhou and Leizhou forms derive from, while the Zhangzhou and Jieyang forms derive from.

'official'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM koaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'cold'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM koâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to chase away; to hurry'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM koáⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'(female) slave'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kán QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'alike; for; with; and'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kāng, kā QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to roll up'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kauh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to rot from dampness'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kauh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to throw'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ka̍k QZ (as in ); ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ  (as in ); HK ; WC

'frame'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kè, ZZ kɛ̀ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'section (of a long object)'
PSM Douglas (Barclay's supplement, 1923): XM koe̍h QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'entire; whole'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kui QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'loom'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kui QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'crop of a bird'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kui QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'pickled seafood'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kôe, QZ kö̂e , ZZ kê QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to untie'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kóe, QZ kö́e , ZZ ké QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'itch'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kòe, QZ kö̀e , ZZ kè QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'boundary'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kòe, QZ kö̀e , ZZ kè QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'pot; kettle; jug'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kɵ́ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Fielde (1883) records kó.

'bridge'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kiô QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

'sedan chair'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kiō QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'fold; wrinkle'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kéng, QZ kǘiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'porter; porterage; person; role'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kioh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to congeal'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kiên QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Reconstruction to is supported by Chaozhou. The Jieyang form can only be derived from, and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from. The Leizhou form can be reflexes of either.

'gizzard'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kiēn, ZZ kīn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Reconstruction to is supported by Chaozhou *. The Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms can only be derived from, and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.

'chrysanthemum'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kek, QZ kak , ZZ kiok QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

All the reflexes except Quanzhou can be derived from. For Zhangzhou, it may alternatively be literary. The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from a neighbouring Yue variety, such as Zhanjiang.

'to suck (smoke)'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'slow'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khoaⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to cough'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khâm QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The tone recorded in Douglas (1873) is unexpected based on the modern reflexes. Fielde (1883) records khăm-sàu (under the entry sàu) as expected.

'to scratch with one's nails'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khàng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone in the Leizhou form is irregular.

'competent'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khiàng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'spoiled; bad'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khiap QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'vapour'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khùi QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 168, but he does not provide a reconstruction.

'to gnaw'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khòe ; QZ khö̀e ; ZZ khè QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'(a surname)'*
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khɵ́ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

'to close (the eyes)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khoeh ; QZ khöeh ; ZZ kheh QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The meaning of this word has extended to 'to sleep' in Leizhou and Hainan.

'wooden percussion instrument (e.g. wooden fish)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM kho̍k, QZ khok ~ kho̍k QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'song'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khek QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 143, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

'hole; pit'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khut QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to bend'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khut QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'blunt; dull; stunted'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM khu̍t QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to sleep'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

The deletion of the initial in Jieyang and other Chaoshan dialects seems to be relatively recent. Fielde (1883) records both ût and gût, which suggests two competing forms in the late 19th century.

, as in 'dragon's eye'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM géng, TA gáiⁿ , QZ gǘi , ZZ kán ~ kéng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Datian form seems to be from a literary layer.

The form in Zhangzhou is possibly a fortition due to dissimilation with the preceding  (thanks Shiro for the idea!).

The Jieyang form may also be derived from a form with the fortition to, and it may have further undergone rebracketing to be the coda of the first syllable.

'centipede'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM giâ-kang QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Datian, the initial in the first syllable has been deleted irregularly.

In Guangdong and Hainan, the vowel in the first syllable has become or  by coalescence.

The Wenchang form is literary.

'cold'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM gân QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'to cool'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM gàn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'craving'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM gièn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK (?); WC

'stupified; frozen; numb'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM gāng QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to bite'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM giet QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'hard; obstinately'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ngīⁿ, ZZ ngɛ̄ⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'foolish'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM gōng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'to wrap around'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hâ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'horseshoe crab'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hāu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

, as in 'young'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hāu QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Jieyang tones may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (both tone 4 and tone 6 sandhi to the same tone).

The form in Wenchang is from PSM.

'to snore'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hoâⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'embankment; dyke'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hoāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'pungent; acrid'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hiam QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'to open (a book, etc.)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hien QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

'odour'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hièn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

'now'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hiēn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Chaoyang forms can only be derived from, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.

'to shout'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hoah QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'lavatory'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ha̍k QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'asthma'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM he, ZZ hɛ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'string'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hîⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are of literary origin. The Haikou and Wenchang forms have an irregular initial.

'to toss' (modified)
PSM (Kwok  'to sprinkle') Douglas (1873): XM hìⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Kwok reconstructs seemingly without knowing of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. With this new information, it is unclear how the Datian form cited in Kwok is related.

'evening'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hng, ZZ huiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The rhyme in the Datian form is irregular.

'garden'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hn̂g, ZZ hûiⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'prescription; place'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

'clam'
PSM Douglas (1873): --- QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are literary.

'male'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM hêng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'small cup; bowl'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM au QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Datian form seems to be irregular.

'to change'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM oāⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

𧌄蜅// 'cicada (modifier?)'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê (some say pɵ ); ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂, am-kóng-chûn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ?; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---

Modern Xiamen, Lukang , Kinmen , Magong , Zhao'an.

'smoke'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ien QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'layer, pile'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM iên QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

'infant'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ɛⁿ, TA iⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Duffus (1883) records gû-eⁿ "heifer".

'beam; rafter'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM îⁿ, ZZ ɛ̂ⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'public building; hall'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM īⁿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou and Hainanese forms are literary.

'to recollect'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM it QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'to praise'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM o-ló QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form has an irregular reflex. This alternation is reminiscent of the colloquial-literary alternation in,.

'to push'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM oe ; QZ öe ; ZZ e QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'middle'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

'shade'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ńg QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to look towards; to watch; to hope'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ǹg QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

'to dip'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ùn QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

'dust flying'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM eng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

'water spinach'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM èng, ZZ iòng QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou form seems to be irregular.

'wife of father's elder brother'
PSM Douglas (1873): XM ḿ QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ---; WC ---

The Datian form is irregular.