User:Jyril/Appendix:Finnish nominal forms

Nominal cases
These cases can be applied to all nominal words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals), verb participles, and to some verb infinitives.

Nominative
The uninflected form.

Examples:
 * Pihalla on punainen auto.
 * There is a red car on the yard.

Genitive
The possessive case.

Examples:
 * Vihaisen miehen koira haukkui.
 * The dog of the angry man barked.

Partitive
Marks the object of irresultative action. Also used with cardinal numbers.

Examples:
 * Ajan punaista autoa.
 * I drive a red car .
 * Katselin humalaista miestä.
 * I watched a drunken man .
 * Ammuin miestä.
 * I shot (and wounded) a man .
 * Kymmenen kirjaa.
 * Ten books .

Accusative
Denotes the object of action. Note that it has two forms in singular which are identical to nominative and genitive, and one plural form which is identical to nominative plural.

Examples:
 * Hae auto.
 * Bring the car .
 * Näin humalaisen miehen.
 * I saw a drunken man .
 * Ammuin miehen.
 * I shot (and killed) a man .
 * Pese astiat.
 * Wash the dishes .

Inessive
A locative case, denotes being inside.

Examples:
 * Istun autossa.
 * I sit in the car .
 * Maa on lumessa.
 * The ground is under snow .
 * Hän oli unessa.
 * She was sleeping/ in sleep .
 * Olen kalastamassa.
 * I am fishing .

Elative
A locative case, denotes coming out from inside.

Examples:
 * Hän otti kalkkunan uunista.
 * She took the turkey from the oven .
 * Hän on peräisin Kiinasta.
 * She is from China .
 * Keskustelimme kirjasta.
 * We discussed about the book .
 * Kolmesta neljään.
 *  From three to four.
 * Omeletti tehdään munista.
 * Omelette is made of eggs .
 * Tulin uimasta.
 * I came from swimming .

Illative
A locative case, denotes going inside.

Examples:
 * Menen taloon.
 * I go (in)to the house .
 * Kolmesta neljään.
 * From three to four .
 * Menkää kaikki nukkumaan nyt.
 * All of you, go to sleep now.

Adessive
A locative case, denotes being near or on the object. Has multiple meanings, most important being the structure adessive + olla which corresponds English "to have".

Examples:
 * Odotan autolla.
 * I'll wait at the car .
 * Kissa on pöydällä.
 * Cat is on the table .
 * Pojalla on pallo.
 *  Boy has a ball.
 * Minulla on nälkä.
 * I am hungry. (Literally: I have hunger.)
 * Ajan autolla.
 * I drive a car .
 * Tulen illalla.
 * I'll come at evening .
 * Lukemalla opit.
 *  By reading you will learn.

Ablative
A locative case, denotes coming from near or off the object.

Examples:
 * Tulen autolta.
 * I come from the car .
 * Muutimme maalta.
 * We moved from the countryside .

Allative
A locative case, denotes going near or on the object.

Examples:
 * Menen kaupungille.
 * I'll go to the (down)town .
 * Kissa hyppäsi pöydälle.
 * Cat jumped on the table .
 * Tietokoneelle tehtiin päivitys.
 *  The computer was updated.
 * Jätä hänellekin kakkua.
 * Leave some cake to him, too.

Essive
Denotes being the object. When used with a noun describing time, corresponds English "on": maanantaina ~ on Monday.

Examples:
 * Hän oli sairaana koko viikon.
 * She was ill all the week.
 * Kauniina päivänä.
 *  At/In a beautiful day .

Translative
Denotes becoming the object.

Examples:
 * Hän tuli hulluksi.
 * He become mad .
 * Jään luoksesi yöksi.
 * I'll stay at you for the night .
 * Luulin sinua murhaajaksi.
 * I thought you were the murderer .
 * Sano se englanniksi.
 * Say it in English .
 * Jätetään se seuraavaksi kerraksi.
 * Let's leave it for the next time .

Instructive
Corresponds English "with" or "by". Relatively rare case, no singular form except jalan, by foot.

Examples:
 * Haukkuvin koirin.
 *  With barking dogs .
 * Hän kaatui loukaten ranteensa.
 * He fell hurting his wrist.

Abessive
A rare case, marks the lack of the object.

Examples:
 * Hän lähti luvatta.
 * He left without a permission .
 * Tulimme sanomatta mitään.
 * We came without saying anything.

Comitative
A rare case, corresponds English "with". No singular form. Comitative noun forms are accompanied with a personal suffix.

Examples:
 * Hän tuli meluavine lapsineen.
 * She came with her noisy children .

Adverbial cases
These cases can be applied only to a small number of nominal words except for prolative, which can be applied to all adjectives and cardinal numbers. The inflected forms are adverbs.

Superessive
Examples:
 * Täällä on kylmää.

Delative
Examples:
 * Sieltä näkee paremmin.

Sublative
Examples:
 * Minne hän meni?

Lative
Examples:
 * Hän muutti lähemmäs keskustaa.

Temporal
Examples:
 * Milloin tulet?

Causative
Examples:
 * Parhaiten menestyneet kilpailijat valittiin jatkoon.

Multiplicative
Examples:
 * Soitin viidesti.
 * Hän laulaa kauniisti.
 * He tappelivat leikisti.
 * Se sattui helvetisti.

Distributive
Examples:
 * Tuotteet pakataan yksittäin.
 * Siivoan päivittäin.

Temporal distributive
Examples:
 * Ohjelma tulee keskiviikkoisin.

Prolative
Examples:
 * Muinoin vesitse oli helpompaa kulkea kuin maitse.

Situative
Examples:
 * He istuivat lähekkäin.

Oppositive
Examples:
 * Juttelimme kasvotusten.