User:Kaarkemhveel/sjd-decl notes

Vowel gradation
There could be up to 3 vowel gradations in one word. This allows us to localise three places of vowel gradations:
 * 1) "Base" or "genitive" vowel. Appears always in nominative plural, all singular cases except singular comitative and singular illative. If the last two don't change the vowels, could appear there too.
 * 2) "Illative" vowel - separate gradation that could appear only in singular illative case.
 * 3) "Comitative" vowel - could appear only in singular comitative and all plural cases except nominative plural.

Possible combinations:
 * 1) Only: "base" цыза and пуаз (with exception of nominative, which doesn't participate in the rest of declension)
 * 2) Only: "illative" кӯлль
 * 3) Only: "comitative" алльк
 * 4) All: пе̄ййв

Let's see the "worst" scenario:

Consonant gradation
Only declension types I, II have consonant gradation. It happens according to the following pattern (S - strong, W - weak):

Palatalisation and "iotated" vowels
Kildin has special letters ь, ҍ and й, which change the appearance of the vowels a and э when they are after them.


 * 1) ь + э/а > е/я:
 * 2) маннь + -а > мэння (ill.sg)
 * 3) маннь + -э > мэне (gen.pl)
 * 4) ҍ + э/а > ӭ/ӓ:
 * 5) са̄ннҍ + -э > соа̄нӭ (gen.pl)
 * 6) са̄ннҍ + -аһта > соа̄нӓһта (dialectal abess.pl)
 * 7) й + э/а > е/я:
 * 8) сайй + -а > сайя (ill.sg)
 * 9) сайй + -э > сэе (gen.pl)
 * 10) пе̄лльй + -э > пе̄лье (gen.pl)
 * 11) пе̄лльй + -а > пя̄ллья (ill.sg)
 * 12) "hard" consonant + е > ъе:
 * 13) пӯдз + -й- + -э > пӯдзъе (ill.sg)
 * 14) palatal(ised) / "semi-soft" consonant + е > ье / ҍе:
 * 15) ко̄джь- + -й- + -э > ко̄джье (ill.sg)
 * 16) ро̄дтҍ- + -е (je) > ро̄дтҍе
 * 17) Among а/э/о/у only э with ч turns to че (the rest are ча чо чу)
 * 18) нь + о/у also affects оа/уэ so they become нёа/нюэ: нёаррк/нюэммель

Types I-II
The most common ones. Include nouns ending with -мусс, -эсс, -эшш, -вудт.

II type differs from the I type one only by lacking of consonant gradation, which can already be specified in the template.

Should look like:  
 * 1) "Comitative" vowel
 * 2) "Illative" vowel
 * 3) Strong grade
 * 4) Weak grade
 * 5) Illative ending (with consonant cluster before it: ннта, лла, ҏҏьтэ etc.)

Type III

 * 2 vowel gradations: one is in nom.sg, the other in the rest of the cases
 * 3 consonant grades: weak, strong, "extended"
 * 2 subtypes defined by "extended" grade:

Subtype A (й, к):

 * к turns to:
 * (two options) х (after п пь т тҍ к кь) - both коа̄бпкэ and коа̄бпхэ are acceptable
 * г (after н нь м мь ӈ ӈь л ль р рь й)
 * Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Subtype B (ан, эм, эмь):

 * Loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: оа̄б-оа̄бпан-оа̄бп_нэсьт
 * Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Additional

 * In abess.pl - dialectal endings are -аһта/-хатта for Lujavvʹr/Čudtʹjavvʹr dialects respectively
 * Additional ill.sg ending should also be added

Examples

 * оа̄дз
 * пуаз
 * лӯмь
 * пэфс

Type IV

 * 2 vowel gradations: one in nom.sg, the other is in the rest of the cases
 * Ends with -ас, loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: тэӈс-тэ̄ӈӈас-тэ̄ӈӈ_сэсьт
 * Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong, E -extended):

Type V

 * 2 vowel gradations: one in nom.sg, the other is in the rest of the cases
 * Loss of palatalisation in grade and in ultimate consonant: е̄ мьп э рь -я̄ ммп а р -я̄ -я̄ ммп р эсьт. The only known exception is ме̄герь, which looses only final palatalisation: ме̄ ге  рь -ме̄ гкя  р -ме̄ гкь  р эсьт
 * Loss of the grade vowel if it precedes a case ending: е̄мьперь-я̄ммпар-я̄ммп_рэсьт
 * Has following case endings and grade pattern (W - weak, S - strong):

Type VI (WIP)

 * 4 subtypes defined by "extended" grade: