User:Mårtensås/inscriptions

List of old Germanic inscriptions, for easy creation of new entries and normalisation of translations. Roughly sorted by age.

This page excludes later Nordic and English inscriptions in the Younger Futhark and Futhorc, respectively.

=Pre-transitional=

Vimose comb

 * 1) * 150-160, (DR 207, KJ 26):
 * "gmq-pro"

- Hᚨᚱᛃᚨ

Dating
Archeological. All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Thorsberg chape

 * 1) * 160–240, (KJ20), found near, Germany.
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ ¶ ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ

Dating
All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Skovgårde brooch

 * 1) * 210–240, brooch from Skovgårde, Zealand (Sj 79):
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Archeological dating 210–240. All runes of oldest type.

Illerup shield handle 2

 * 1) * 210–240, shield handle from Illerup (DK MJy 86):
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Archeological dating 210–240. Oldest e; j extended to full vertical height. Horizontally doubled þ and w.

Nøvling brooch

 * 1) * 210–240, Nøvling brooch (signum DK NJy 48):
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉᛏᚨᛚᚷᛁᛞᚨᛁ

Dating
Archeological dating 210–240. j extended to full vertical height; all other letters of oldest type. Possibly hypercorrective ending -ai rather than -e.

Himlingøje-fibula 2

 * 1) * 210-260, Himlingøje-fibula 2 (Sj74, DR EM85;128B, KJ10)
 * "gmq-pro"

- [ ] ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ

Dating
Archeological. All runes of oldest type.

Garbølle box

 * 1) * 160-375, wooden box from Garbølle, Sjælland (DK Sj 62, KJ 30)
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Archeological. Oldest e.

Einang stone

 * 1) * c. 4th century, :
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
All letter varieties of the oldest type, non-collapsed -aih- cluster, singular "rune" (i.e. ‘inscription, message’).

Words

 * (incomplete)

Hogganvik stone




Dating
All letter varieties of the oldest type. p-rune.

Kalleby/Tanum stone



 * 1) * c. 4th century, :
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
All letter varieties of the oldest type.

Opedal runestone

 * 1) * 3rd-5th century, inscription on the Opedal Rune Stone:
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ᛬ᚹᚨᚷᛖ ¶ ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ

Dating
Older e-rune, ŋ standing for /iŋg/

Tune stone

 * 1) * Tune stone
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Younger e-rune.

Words

 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR
 * OR

Valsfjord stone

 * 1) * 5th century, inscription on rune stone N KJ55 from Valsfjord, Sør-Trøndelag:
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚲᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉᚷᛟᛞᚨᚷᚨᛊ [ ]

Bø stone

 * 1) * 5th century, inscription on rune stone N KJ78 from Bø, Rogaland:
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᚺᚾᚨᛒᛞᚨᛊ ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ

Amla stone

 * 1) * 5th century, inscription on rune stone N KJ84 from Amla, Sogn og Fjordane:
 * "gmq-pro"

- [ ]ᛁᛉᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᛁᛞᚨᛉᚦᚨᚱ

Words

 * ‘buried’
 * ‘there’ (locative demonstrative)

Fløksand Scraper

 * 1) * 300-400, Scraper knife from Fløksand (KJ37, NIæR51)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛚᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉᚠ

Dating
Archeological.

Strøm whetstone

 * 1) * Strøm whetstone
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Younger k and e. hino is the earliest attestation of Old Norse.

Words

 * wate /wātē/ - verb, weak 3, imper. sg.
 * hali /halli/ - noun, i-stem fem., acc. sg.
 * hino /hinō/ - pronoun, fem. acc. sg.
 * horna /horna/ - noun, a-stem neut., nom. sg.
 * haha /haha/ - noun, n-stem masc., nom. sg.
 * skaþi /skaþī/ - verb, strong 6 j-present, imper. sg.
 * haþu /haþu/ - noun, u-stem neut., nom. sg.
 * ligi /liggī/ - verb, strong 5 j-present, imper. sg.

Vetteland stone

 * 1) * Vetteland stone
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Uncollapsed /aih/-cluster. All runes of oldest type. Left-to-right.

Words

 * flagda /flagda/ = 🇨🇬
 * faikinaʀ /faikinaʀ/ = 🇨🇬
 * ist /ist/
 * magoʀ /magōʀ/
 * minas /mīnas/
 * staina /staina/
 * daʀ /-daʀ/(incomplete)
 * faihido /faihidō/

Kjølevik stone

 * 1) * 3rd-6th century, inscription on the (KJ75, NIæR19):
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * hadulaikaʀ /Hadulaikaʀ/
 * ek /ek/
 * hagustadaʀ /Hagustaldaʀ/
 * hlaaiwido /hlaiwidō/
 * magu /magu/
 * minino /mīninō/

Gallehus horn



 * 1) * 400s, inscription on the
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * ek /ek/
 * hlewagastiʀ /Hlewagastiʀ/
 * holtijaʀ /Holtijaʀ/
 * horna /horna/
 * tawido /tawidō/

Möjbro stone

 * 1) * c. 4th century, (U877, KJ99)
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Possible younger r and s

Words

 * frawaradaʀ /Frawarādaʀ/
 * ana /ana/
 * hahai /hanhē/
 * slaginaʀ /slaginaʀ/

Rö stone

 * 1) * 200s-400s inscription on the :
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
All runes of oldest type, archaic name compounds. -aih- > -āh-.

Words

 * ek /ek/
 * hraʀaʀ /Hraʀaʀ/
 * satido /satidō/
 * staina /staina/
 * swabaharjaʀ /Swabaharjaʀ/
 * s[a]irawidaʀ /Sairawīdaʀ/
 * stainawarijaʀ /Stainawarjaʀ/
 * fahido /fāhidō/

Nordhuglo stone

 * 1) * c. 400, Nordhuglo stone
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚲᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉᛁᚺ

Dating
ᚢ looks like upside down V, round runes. Tall ᛃ.

Stenstad stone

 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Full-length j. All others of oldest type.

Words

 * igijon /īgijōn/ OR /ingijōn/
 * halaʀ /hallaʀ/

Järsberg stone



 * 1) * 400s, inscription on the
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Younger k, e and ʀ.

Words

 * (incomplete)
 * (incomplete)
 * (incomplete)

Kragehul spear shaft

 * 1) * 470-490, (KJ 27, DR196)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊᛗᚢᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖᚷᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᚷᛁᚾᚢᚷᚨᚺᛖ[.]ᛚᛁᛃᚨ[.]ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛚ(ᚨ)ᚹᛁᛃᚢᛒᛁᚷ[...]

Dating
Archeological. Extended k looking like an upside-down , with the height of a half stave. ᛋ-shaped j. Same rune style as the Lindholmen amulet.

Lindholmen amulet

 * 1) * 375-570, (KJ 29, DR261)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚲᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᛊᚨᚹᛁᛚᚨᚷᚨᛉᚺᚨᛏᛖᚲᚨ ˈ ¶ ᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᚨᛉᛉᛉᚾᚾᚾ[1?]ᛒᛗᚢᛏᛏᛏ ˈ ᚨᛚᚢ ˈ

Dating
Archeological. Same k as the Kragehul spear shaft and same type of runes.

Rosseland stone

 * 1) * 350-550, Rosseland runestone (KJ 69)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚲᚹᚨᚷᛁᚷᚨᛉᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚨᚷᛁᛚᚨᛗᚢᛞᛟᚾ

Dating
Younger e. Upside down V-shaped u. Other runes of oldest type.

Noleby stone

 * 1) * 450-500, (KJ 67, Vg 63)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᚱᚢᚾᛟᚠᚨᚺᛁᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚴᚢᛞᛟᛏᛟᛡᛖ[ᚴ]ᚨ ¶ ᚢᚾᚨᚦᛟᚢ ᛬ ᛊᚢᚺᚢᚱᚨᚺ ᛬ ᛊᚢᛊᛁ (ᚺ)-ᛏᛁᚾ ¶ ᚺᚨᚴᚢᚦᛟ

Dating
Transitional j, but still with sound value /j/ (the only Scandinavian example of this). YF-style k.

Words

 * unaþou /?/
 * hakuþo /?/
 * unaþou /?/
 * hakuþo /?/
 * unaþou /?/
 * hakuþo /?/
 * unaþou /?/
 * hakuþo /?/

Bratsberg brooch

 * 1) * 490–540, brooch from Bratsberg, Telemark (N KJ16):
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Archeological. Younger 'e. Bind-runes e=k=e=r, a=z of same type as on the Järsberg stone.

Söderköping/Ellestad stone

 * 1) * 500-550, (Ög KJ59)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᛖᚴᛡᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉᛡᚠᛋ[ ]ᚴᛡᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟᚴᛡ ¶ ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾᛡᛦ[ ] ¶ ᚴᚴ ᛫ ᚴᛁᛁᛁᛁ ᛫ ᚴᚴᚴ

Dating
Transitional j, sound value /a/. Y-shape k. Word-final -ō preserved, unstressed syllables preserved (rAisido instead of *rAisto). Arguably the last non-transitional inscription.

Words


=Bracteates=

Tjurkö 1 bracteate



 * 1) * 400s-500s, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate
 * "gmq-pro"

Trollhättan II bracteate



 * 1) * 400s-500s, inscription on the Trollhättan II bracteate (IK 639)
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * ᛖᚴ
 * ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ
 * ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ
 * ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛖ
 * ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ
 * ᛚᚨᚦᛟ

Skodborghus-B bracteate

 * 1) * 440–560, inscription on the Skodborghus-B bracteate (DR IK161)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᚨᚢᛃᚨᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾᛃᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ

Words

 * ᚨᚢᛃᚨ auja /auja/
 * ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᚾ alawin /alawin/
 * ᛃ j /jāra/
 * ᚨᛚᚨᚹᛁᛞ alawid /alawid/

Zealand II bracteate

 * 1) * 440-560, Zealand-II bracteate (KJ127)
 * "gmq-pro"

- ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚢᚺᚨᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨ᛬ᚠᚨᚱᚨᚢᛁᛋᚨ᛬ᚷᛁᛒᚢᚨᚢᚽᚨ᛬ᛏᛏᛏ

=Transitional (Lister stones)=

Istaby stone

 * 1) * 550-600, inscription on the (DR 359, KJ98)
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ Afatʀ /afᵃtr/
 * ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ hAriwulafa /Hariwulᵃfa/
 * ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ hAþuwulafʀ /Haþuwulᵃfʀ/
 * ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ hAeruwulafiʀ /Hearuwulᵃfīʀ/ ( < *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚠᛁᛃᚨᛉ)
 * ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ warAit /wᵃrait/
 * ᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ runAʀ /rūnaʀ/
 * ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ þAiAʀ /þaiaʀ/

Dating
This stone shows an orthography different from that of the other three. It is the only known stone by Haþuwulfʀ, although he is mentioned on the Stentoften and Gummarp stones as well.

Gummarp stone

 * 1) * 550-600, inscription on the (now-lost) (DR 358, KJ95)
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ hAþuwolAfA /Haþuwolᵃfa/
 * ᛋᛡᛏᛖ sAte /sattē/
 * ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ stAbA /staβa/
 * ᚦᚱᛁᚨ þria /þrīą/
 * ᚠ f /f/

Dating
Executed by the same carver as the Stentoften stone. Since the orthography is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Stentoften stone

 * 1) * 550-600, (DR 357, KJ96)
 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Executed by the same carver as the Gummarp stone. Since it is noticably different from the Istaby stone, it can not have been carved by Haþuwulfʀ.

Words

 * ᚾᛁᚢ niu /nīu/ "nine"
 * ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ hAborumʀ /haβᵒrumʀ/ "with bucks"
 * ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ hagestumʀ /hągistumʀ/ "with steeds"
 * ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ haþuwolAfʀ /Haþuwolᵃfʀ/ "Haþuwolfʀ"
 * ᚷᛡᚠ gAf /gaf/ "gave"
 * ᛃ j /j/ "good harvest"
 * Note: ideographic rune, standing for its name, at this time "ār".
 * ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ hAriwolAfʀ /Hariwolᵃfʀ/ "Hariwolfʀ"
 * ᚺᛁᛞᛖᛦ hideʀ /haiðiʀ/ "bright"
 * ᚱᚢᚾᛟ runo /rūnō/ "of runes"
 * ᚱᛟᚾᛟ rono /runō/ "row"
 * ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ felAh /felᵃh/ "conceal"
 * ᛖᚴᛡ ekA /ekᵃ/ "I"
 * ᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡ hederA /heðᵉra/ "here"
 * ᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ ginoronoʀ /ginnᵃ-rūnōʀ/ "power-, might-runes"
 * ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ herAmAlAsAʀ /herᵃmalausaʀ/ "defence-less"
 * ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ ArAgeu /arᵃgiu/ "with effeminacy"
 * ᚹᛖᛚᛡᛞᚢᛞ welAdud /wēladauð/ "treacherous; wile-death"
 * ᛋᛡ sA /sa/ "he [who]"
 * ᚦᛡᛏ þAt /þat/ "this"
 * ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ bAriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/ "breaks, destroys"

Björketorp stone

 * "gmq-pro"

Dating
Younger than Stentoften.

=Later West Germanic=

Nordendorf fibula

 * 1) * 500-600, inscription on the
 * "gmq-pro"

Words

 * ᛚᛟᚷᚨᚦᛟᚱᛖ logaþore /Logaþore/
 * ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ wodan /Wōdan/
 * ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ wigiþonar /Wigiþonar/

Dating
Syncopated forms, archeological.