User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Very good reconstructions

Here I put the reconstructions of Van Putten's 2019 paper which I judge very good. Theoretically, these are ready to become actual PB entries on wiki.

Useful
Appendix:Berber Swadesh lists

Language codes correspondences
Van Putten : Wiktionary
 * sus. : shi
 * cab. : kab
 * che., chen. : cnu
 * nef. : jbn
 * ber., tam. : tzm
 * auy., awy. : auj
 * fig. : Ø
 * gad. : gha
 * siw. : siz
 * cha. : shy
 * rif. : rif
 * mez. : mzb
 * gua., guar. : Ø
 * cen. (what?) : Ø
 * zen. : zen
 * izn. : Ø
 * tu. : tmh
 * tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
 * tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
 * tu. ul. : ttq
 * tu. ay. : thz
 * sen. : sjs
 * zua. : ber-zuw
 * Timimún : Ø
 * Ghomara : gho
 * Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
 * seg. : Ø
 * foc. : ber-fog
 * (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Northwest Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig
 * Ayt Seghrouchen
 * Ayt ~Warain
 * Ayt Iznasen
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Beni Snus
 * Beni Menacer
 * Metmata
 * (Mzab, Ouargla)
 * Guraga (Timinun)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Jerba
 * (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
 * Jefren
 * Libyan:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Jefren
 * Libyan:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:

Noun

 * 1) ashes, ash

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Northwest Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: iɣəd
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: iɣəd
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) beard

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: t-mar-t pl. ti-mir-a
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * , pl.
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * , pl.
 * Eastern:
 * , pl.

Etymology
Possibly connected to a root *z-ɣ.

Noun

 * 1) Berber, Amazigh
 * 2) free man, free woman

Note
This word is considered as Pan-Berber, i.e. almost all Berber languages share this word.

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: amaziɣ
 * Pan-Berber: amaziɣ
 * Pan-Berber: amaziɣ

Noun

 * 1) bird

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: ažḍiḍ
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * (Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * (Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) bull

Note
Considered Pan-Berber.

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: afunas
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: afunas
 * Pan-Berber: afunas

Etymology
From the same root as. From earlier, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, see 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to burn

Derived terms

 * , with

Noun

 * 1) cow

Note
Considered Pan-Berber.

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Moroccan:

Etymology
From the same root as.

Noun

 * 1) death

Descendants

 * Pan-Berber: taməttant

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to die

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:

Noun
< *i-yədʔ-an


 * 1) dog

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: aydi, plural iyḍan
 * Ayt Iznasen: aydi, plural iyḍan
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural

Etymology
From, with metathesis. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ear

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * ,, plural (/ )
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: aməẓẓuɣ, plural imeẓɣan
 * Algerian:
 * plural (Mzab),  plural  (Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * , plural
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * , plural

Etymology
Possibly related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) earth, land

Declension
 Declension of 

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1)  esparto (species of North African grass)

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ayt Iznasen: ari
 * Algerian:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ayt Iznasen: ari
 * Algerian:
 * Algerian:

Etymology
Unknown. Perhaps related to or.

Noun

 * 1) flour

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: arən
 * Ayt Iznasen: arn
 * Algerian:
 * (Ouargla), construct state  (Mzab)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Para-Berber:
 * (Ouargla), construct state  (Mzab)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:

Verb
or əβăkkăʔ


 * 1) to give

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * ,, , , imperfect (with metathesis)
 * , imperfect
 * , imperfect (< *ak)
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: wəš, imperfect ttič (< *ič)
 * Algerian:
 * , imperfect (Ouargla),, imperfect  (Mzab)
 * , imperfect (with metathesis)

Alternative reconstruction

 * , plural

Noun

 * 1) hand

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: fus
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa: *a-ʔfus (with metathesis)
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa: *a-ʔfus (with metathesis)
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) head

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural

Alternative reconstructions

 * , plural
 * , plural

Etymology
From, with metathesis. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) heart

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * ,, plural
 * Moroccan:
 * ,, plural
 * ,, plural

Etymology
Perhaps related to.

Noun

 * 1) horn

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * (plural)
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * (plural)

Noun

 * 1) king

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:

Etymology
Likely from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) knee

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Etymology
Possibly borrowed from, though the Punic word is not directly attested. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to learn

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * (aorist), perfect əlmə́d, imperfect ələ́mməd
 * , aorist əlməd (negation: wăr ilmed), perfect əlmăd, imperfect əlămmăd
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (aorist), perfect əlmắd, imperfect əlắmmăd ; əlmed (he learnt, perf.), ak ilmed (he did not learn, perf.)
 * (aorist), perfect əlmə́d, imperfect ələ́mməd
 * , aorist əlməd (negation: wăr ilmed), perfect əlmăd, imperfect əlămmăd
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (aorist), perfect əlmắd, imperfect əlắmmăd ; əlmed (he learnt, perf.), ak ilmed (he did not learn, perf.)

Etymology
From, with metathesis. Compare🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Reconstruction notes
Mention Herodotus & "βόρυες" (Histories, IV, 192) here.

https://el.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9_(%CE%97%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85)/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7#192.2

Noun

 * 1) lion

Descendants

 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Etymology
Unrelated to.

Noun

 * 1) man (adult male human)
 * 2) husband

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: argaz
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: argaz
 * Pan-Berber: argaz
 * Pan-Berber: argaz

Noun

 * 1) milk

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * (perhaps a Zenati borrowing)
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: aɣi
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Figuig: aɣi
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Eastern Zenati:

Noun

 * 1) moon
 * 2)  month

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (new moon)
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (new moon)
 * Eastern:
 * (new moon)
 * Eastern:

Etymology
From earlier, the initial *a- being kept in the plural. Perhaps related to.

Noun

 * 1) nail

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * , plural
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * , plural
 * , plural
 * , plural

Noun

 * 1) night

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: iḍ
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) shoulder

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Tamajaq:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) stone

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) sun

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * , (Western)
 * Figuig: tfuyt
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Figuig: tfuyt
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Verb

 * 1) to take

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ayt Iznasen: aɣ
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ayt Iznasen: aɣ
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬, whence 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) tongue

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , plural or
 * , plural
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , plural or
 * , plural or

Noun

 * 1) wool

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Northwest Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: təḍḍuft
 * Ayt Seghrouchen: təḍḍuft
 * Ayt Iznasen: təḍḍuft
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Libyan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Libyan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

POS

 * 1)

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig:
 * Ayt Seghrouchen:
 * Ayt Iznasen:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * (Mzab, Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt:
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt:
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber: