User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Word families

Here I put groups of reconstructions, such that each reconstruction, taken individually, has few descendants, but such that it is solid as a part of its word family.

=Useful=

Appendix:Berber Swadesh lists

Language codes correspondences
Van Putten : Wiktionary
 * sus. : shi
 * cab. : kab
 * che., chen. : cnu
 * nef. : jbn
 * ber., tam. : tzm
 * auy., awy. : auj
 * fig. : Ø
 * gad. : gha
 * siw. : siz
 * cha. : shy
 * rif. : rif
 * mez. : mzb
 * gua., guar. : Ø
 * cen. (what?) : Ø
 * zen. : zen
 * izn. : Ø
 * tu. : tmh
 * tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
 * tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
 * tu. ul. : ttq
 * tu. ay. : thz
 * sen. : sjs
 * zua. : ber-zuw
 * Timimún : Ø
 * Ghomara : gho
 * Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
 * seg. : Ø
 * foc. : ber-fog
 * (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Northwest Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig
 * Ayt Seghrouchen
 * Ayt ~Warain
 * Ayt Iznasen
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Beni Snus
 * Beni Menacer
 * Metmata
 * (Mzab, Ouargla)
 * Guraga (Timinun)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Jerba
 * (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
 * Jefren
 * Libyan:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Jefren
 * Libyan:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Tudalt
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:

=Plough (ḱ-r-z)=

Verb

 * 1) to plough

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Verb

 * 1) ploughed (feminine)

Note
I'm honestly not sure of how to interpret this word.

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Verb

 * 1) to inherit

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Moroccan:

Noun

 * 1) heir

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Moroccan:

Noun

 * 1) inheritance

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Moroccan:

Verb

 * 1) to tie, to knot

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Moroccan:

Noun

 * 1) knot

Noun

 * 1) knotting

Etymology
Derived from.

Noun

 * 1) rope

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: asɣun
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: asɣun
 * Figuig: asɣun

Etymology
Derived from.

Noun

 * 1) binding, tie, tether

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Verb

 * 1) to tie, etc.

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:

Verb

 * 1) to hit, knock
 * 2) to tap

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: wwət, ččat, tiyti
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: wwət, ččat, tiyti
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Verb

 * 1) to tie/knot something

Conjugation
A-Ə, Ə-A, Ə-A-A

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Etymology
From earlier *a-zakăr, from earlier *a-zăʔḱăr, plural *i-zăʔḱar-ăn.

Noun

 * 1) rope

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Algerian:
 * , plural (Mzab)
 * , plural
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * , plural

Noun

 * 1) bucket

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (< oga)
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * (< oga)
 * Eastern:
 * (< oga)
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) bucket

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Libyan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Libyan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Verb

 * 1) to harvest

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: mžər
 * Algerian:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Figuig: mžər
 * Algerian:
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) harvest

Descendants

 * Zenati:
 * Eastern Zenati:

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to teach

Note
However p. 287 there's *səlməd (aor.) *ăssəlmăd (pf.).

Conjugation
Ə-Ə-Ə, A-Ə-A, Ə-Ă-Ă

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: əssəlməd, əssəlməd, əssəlmad
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: əssəlməd, əssəlməd, əssəlmad
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) apprenticeship

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: almad
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Pan-Berber: almad
 * Pan-Berber: almad
 * Pan-Berber: almad
 * Pan-Berber: almad

Noun

 * 1) blind

Reconstruction notes
Van Putten states this reconstruction is tentative.

Noun

 * 1) blind

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:

Verb

 * 1) to blind

Noun

 * 1) blind

Verb

 * 1) to blind

Noun

 * 1) sheep

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: tili
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Figuig: tili
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:

Noun

 * 1) sheep and goats
 * 2) ovicaprids
 * 3) caprovine
 * 4) ovicaprine

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Noun

 * 1) sheep
 * 2)  male goat

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: izmər, plural izmarăn
 * , plural
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , plural
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * , plural
 * Para-Berber:

Noun

 * 1) male goat

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:

Etymology
From earlier.

Noun

 * 1) lamb

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural

Etymology
From earlier.

Noun

 * 1) sheep

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , plural
 * , plural
 * , plural

Note
Given this meaning, either it's due to a subsequent semantic shift (as often, it's "to scratch" > "to write"), or it's a borrowing, thus likely from Punic or Latin.

Verb

 * 1) to write

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , perfect
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: ari
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)
 * Figuig: ari
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab and Ouargla)

Noun

 * 1) writing

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: tira
 * Ayt Iznasen: ṯira (izn.)
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: tira
 * Ayt Iznasen: ṯira (izn.)
 * Ayt Iznasen: ṯira (izn.)

Etymology
From, with metathesis. Cognate with 🇨🇬 from and 🇨🇬. This suggests a reconstruction as, see my note below.

Verb

 * 1) to dress, clothe, wear
 * 2) to get dressed

Reconstruction notes
I'd rather reconstruct, on the one hand based on the etymology and the clear correspondence of PB *β with *b in PSem & Egyptian, on the other hand bc it makes sense, as *β often disappears, like *ʔ, and the rests of it in the descendants point to *ʔ, e.g. the /w/ in.

Conjugation
This verb is irregular.


 * aorist, 1st, singular: ắlsəʔ-əɣ
 * aorist, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-ắlsəʔ
 * aorist, 3rd, plural, masculine: ắlsəʔ-ăn
 * perfect, 1st, singular: əlsắʔ-əɣ
 * perfect, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-əlsắʔ
 * perfect, 3rd, plural, masculine: əlsắʔ-ăn

Also:
 * imperfect, 1st, singular: əlắssăʔ-əɣ
 * imperfect, 3rd, singular, masculine: y-əlắssăʔ
 * imperfect, 3rd, plural, masculine: əlắ(/ă?)ssăʔ-ăn

Descendants
In this order, except for CAT :
 * 1) aorist, 1st, singular
 * 2) aorist, 3rd singular masculine
 * 3) aorist, 3rd, plural, masculine:
 * 4) perfect, 1st, singular
 * 5) perfect, 3rd, singular, masculine
 * 6) perfect, 3rd, plural, masculine


 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: lsəɣ, iləs, lsən, lsiɣ, ilsu, əlsən
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Figuig: lsəɣ, iləs, lsən, lsiɣ, ilsu, əlsən
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) clothes

Verb

 * 1)  to shear

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:

Verb

 * 1) to rob, steal

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * , (< **ⴽⵔ)
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: ašər, ušer (< **əšər)
 * , (< **əkăr)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , (< **əšər)
 * Eastern:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * , (< **əšər)
 * Eastern:

Noun

 * 1) thief, robber

Descendants

 * Zenati:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab)

Noun

 * 1) needle

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: tisinəft
 * Ayt Iznasen: tisinəft
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:

Verb
(rather *ăgnəβ with ă, innit?)


 * 1) to plant, sow, seed

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: yni
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * Figuig: yni
 * Algerian:
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)
 * (Mzab), (Ouargla)

Noun

 * 1) sort of needle/veil (unclear)

Descendants

 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig: tisəɣnəss

POS

 * 1)

Descendants

 * West Moroccan:
 * South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
 * Zenati:
 * Moroccan:
 * Figuig:
 * Ayt Seghrouchen:
 * Ayt Iznasen:
 * Algerian:
 * Northwestern:
 * (Mzab, Ouargla)
 * Eastern Zenati:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt:
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * (Ahaggar)
 * (Adagh, Taneslemt)
 * Tamajaq:
 * Tudalt:
 * (and Janet?)
 * Ghadames and Nefusa:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Eastern:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber:
 * Para-Berber: