User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Wuzhou Wu, also variably classified as part of Jinqu Wu, is a branch of Wu Chinese spoken primarily in and around the modern-day city of Jinhua, as well as some parts of Quzhou and Hangzhou.

Currently Wiktionary supports a pronunciation module for Old-Period Urban Jinhuanese. This references the Jinhuanese spoken by speakers from Jinhua's city centre, born roughly from the 1920s to the 1930s. This system, however, ought to also be compatible with younger or certain older speaker's lects to an extent.

There is no official government-endorsed romanisation system, but Wiktionary's modules will be using Wugniu's romanisation scheme, with some spelling and formatting extensions devised by Wiktionary. The Wu-Chinese Minidict has also developed a romanisation system hereby listed for reference, but is not officially integrated into Wiktionary architecture.

Initials
Syllables are composed of initials and finals, as well as a tone value. Below are all the initials in Jinhuanese. When applicable, colloquial and literary readings will respectively be marked with the subscripts 白 and 文 following the example characters.

Finals
The finals are hereby divided into two kinds: there are 51 "regular" finals that can occur in most single-character readings, as well as

Erhua-Exclusive Finals
There are 14 finals that are exclusive to erhua forms, listed in the table below. Note that another 5 finals from the "regular final" table above can also occur in erhua readings. See the erhua-diminutive section for more.

Tones
The tone system in Urban Jinhuanese consists of 7 single-character tones (otherwise known as "citation tones"), as well as a complex tone sandhi system, rendering words with different tones

Wugniu's tone numbering system is based on the four Middle Chinese tone classes. In Wugniu's model for most Wu varieties, each of these four tones are further analysed as having two distinctly split registers: one dark and one light, to make a total of 8 tones. Consult the section on tones in Wiktionary's Northern Wu guide for more details.

Citation Tones and Underlying Tones
Citation tones are tones that occur on single characters read in isolation. As Jinhuanese showcases ample amounts of tone sandhi phenomena, this is important since characters that have the exact same citation tones might still showcase different tone sandhi patterns due to the complex historical shifts and mergers in Jinhuanese tone.

To account for this, the module utlises a tone numbering system with additional "underlying tone"  inputs that help calculate the exact correct tone value after sandhi. However, the tone numbers that will show up will still be the citation tone numbers. For example, the input  will output the IPA tone sandhi contour based the underlying tones of   and , however, the Wugniu romanisation display will output  , merging both of these underlying tones into their respective citation tone category. Consult also the Wiktionary style guide on Wu tone notation for more details.

Table of Tone Values
There are 7 citation tones in Urban Jinhuanese.

All the available underlying tone categories. The underlying tones 4, 5, and 6 have edge-cases where they generate alternative tone sandhi contour, which can be input with


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! Wugniu Citation tone number!!Citation tone name (tone category)!!Underlying (Input) tone number!!Underlying tone category!!Citation tone value!!Example characters !1!!dark level !2!!light level !rowspan="3"|3!!rowspan="3"|dark rising !rowspan="3"|5!!rowspan="3"|dark departing !rowspan="3"|6!!rowspan="3"|light departing !7!!dark checked !8!!light checked
 * 1||MC dark level|| 334||
 * 2||MC light level|| 313||
 * 3||MC dark rising||rowspan="3"| 535||
 * 4||MC light rising (vernacular readings)||rowspan="2"|
 * 4A||Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
 * 4A||Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
 * 4A||Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
 * 5||MC dark departing||rowspan="3"| 55||rowspan="2"|
 * 5A||MC dark departing in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
 * 5C||MC dark checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 5C||MC dark checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 5C||MC dark checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 6||MC light departing + MC light rising (literary readings)||rowspan="3"| 14||rowspan="2"|
 * 6A||Tone 6 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
 * 6C||MC light checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 6C||MC light checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 6C||MC light checked characters from the and  rhyme groups (vernacular reading)||
 * 7||MC dark checked + literary reading of tone 5C characters|| 4 ||
 * 8||MC light checked + literary reading of tone 6C characters|| 212 ||
 * }

The historical

Other than the citation tones, tones also often go through tone sandhi in various occasions.

Tone Sandhi Types
Tone sandhi in Jinhuanese is quite complex. Aside from the influences from, there are also different types of tone sandhi used under different lexical and morphosyntactical contexts. Cao (2002) has classified them into the following four categories, based on their functions and purposes. In the input, all except regular sandhi chains require an extra sandhi-type marker to clarify the sandhi-type applicable to the sandhi unit at hand.

Below are the four sandhi-types recognised by the module and their respective input markers:
 * Regular ("Phonetic") Sandhi /
 * (default, no alphabetical marking required - e.g. )
 * Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi /
 * (marked with a  at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. ,  )
 * Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi /
 * (marked with a  at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. ,  )
 * Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi /
 * (marked with a  between the number and the classifier in the input - e.g. ,  )

Cao (2002) had classified Predicate-Object (PO), Neutralised Tail (NT) and Numeral-Classifier (NC) all under the category of "grammatical sandhi", in opposition to the first sandhi-type which he calls a phonetic sandhi.

The sections below will cover more details about each sandhi-type and the sandhi patterns that occur under them.

Regular Tone Sandhi
These sandhi patterns are the most generally applicable to most lexicalised compounds.

Disyllabic
Below are the regular disyllabic tone sandhi patterns in Urban Jinhuanese.

Trisyllabic
For regular trisyllabic sandhi,

Erhua-Diminutive
The change