User:Namnagar/izan

Verb

 * 1)  to be

Etymology 2
Most finite forms derive from a hypothetical form *edun (stem -(d)u-, which also appears in the dialectical participle . Standard Basque and Southern varieties use participle forms identical with izan, etymology 1. Northern varieties use the participle for all transitive senses. Gipuzkoan, Lapurdian, High Navarrese, and old Low Navarrese use the participle  for the sense "have".

Verb

 * 1)  to have

Test entry 2
This version doesn't rely on etymology to split the entry. The etymology section will be similar to the one in the entry for the English word be, which also has a bunch of suppletive forms.

This version simply declares there to be four Basque verbs with citation form izan. This justified because they have different conjugations and meanings. There's a general explanation of the suppletive stem forms and how these verbs are handled by Basque in the etymology section.

Note: This is a set of highly complex and interrelated verbs. They are as used as independent verbs and also as auxiliaries in periphrastic constructions with participles other verbs. Together they are some of most common verbs in the language.

In standard Basque and in most southern varieties, all of them have same citation form and participles. Northern varieties use another participle,, for the transitive forms.

The entry is split up this way convenience. Usages of izan that have separate conjugations are listed as separate verbs. Peculiarities of each and their associated meanings are described at that entry.

Etymology 1
From the participle prefix + the stem  of unknown origin. The nor paradigm has numerous suppletive stem forms.

The present-tense forms have three stems: -a (third-person singular only), -aiz (with first and second-person singular prefixes), and -ara (in first and second person plural forms}.

Verb
izan (intransitive)
 * 1) to be

Etymology 2
The stem -(t)zai- occurs in the indicative forms. The potential and imperative forms have the suppletive stem -ki-. Forms with plural nor agreement throughout the paradigm have the suffix -zki- immediately attached the stem and preceding the nori agreement suffixes.

Verb
izan (intransitive with dative agreement)

Etymology 3
The stem -(d)u- (with the variant form -tu- after an n) forms the basis of the indicative forms. This stem also appears in the dialectical participle. A verbal noun edutzea is attested from the fifteenth century, derived from either or. The potential and imperative forms are built on the stem -za- which becomes -tza- after a prefix ending in n.

Verb
izan (transitive)
 * 1) to have

Usage notes
Northern dialects use the participle for these forms instead izan. Gipuzkoan, Lapurdian, and High Navarrese use the participle for this verb in the sense "have".

Basque grammarians usually treat this, along with the nor-nori-nork auxiliary, as separative verb from the intransitive forms of izan, referring to it in this context by the northern citation form or by the reconstructed participle form.

Etymology 4
The stem is -i- in the indicative, and -ieza- in the potential and imperative. As in the nor-nori izan paradigm, forms with plural nor (absolutive) agreeement suffixed with -izki-. This marker is attatched directly to the stem and precedes other agreement suffixes.

Verb
izan (transitive with dative agreement)




 * The dative argument frequently corresponds to an indirect object in English, but often indicates the possessor of the object ( argument) of the verb, usually expressed as a possessive in English. Basque verbs of this class can only take third person objects (, or absolutive, arguments).



Notes:
Nor Nori Nork full table Wikipedia's giant izan table. An explanation of how to read it is at A Brief Grammar of Basque, Itziar Laka, 1996, EHU

Skahmed's nor-nori conjugation template needs a column labeling the nori (dative) agreement forms and a column for third-person nor agreement forms (zaizkie etc.) I need to add them. This version of the template has the missing columns: eu-conj-nornori-table! All I have to do now fill in the parameters. It'll take a while. But problem solved.

The table is also missing imperitive forms. I need to check Laka's grammar to make sure they're right.

Euskal aditza has the missing the imperatives. The nori 2nd person agreement suffixes are different in hika dependent on the gender of the person your talking to.


 * Atea itxi zaio. — "The door closed on him." (se le ha cerrado.)

Usage examples for nor-nori imperative?


 * Erruki zakizkio. – Take pity on him.
 * Erruki bekio – May he take pity on him.

The 2nd-person nori agreement imperative forms in hika mode are only given for third-person nor forms. The only examples I'm turning up are in grammar books. So, in theory, according to the grammars, Ama erruki bekin,"May Mom take pity on you" is something you could say (to a sister), but I suspect they're obsolete.

The template with eu-conj-nornori with the missing columns has parameters for the the suppletive stem forms in the paradigm. I need to study how these are set up. I'll need them when I try to make one for the nor-nori-nork table.

The nor-nori-nork table will be about twice the size of the nor-nori table. So the table for each tense/mood be into two sections, one for forms with singular nor agreement, one for forms plural nor agreement.

Layout:
 * Nor table: as stands, nor labels across the top.
 * Nor-nori table: nori across the top, nor down the side.
 * Nor-nork table: nork across the top, nor down the side.
 * Nor-nori-nork table: nori across the top, nork down the side. Split with a horizontal bar separating the nor singular and plural sections.

This makes the tables easier to read, and has the added benefit of putting the longer pronoun labels across the top. Doing the nor-nork-nori tables this way makes the past and hypothetical forms easier to read.

It would be nice to highlight the agreement affixes. So banizkio, the auxiliary in eman banizkio, "If I'd given them to her", would be banizkio' in the conjugation table, and the bolded parts would line up in rows and rows and columns.


 * banizkio "if I ... to her"
 * bahizkio "if you ... to her" (hika)
 * balizkio "if he ... to her"

Going the other way, we'd have:


 * banizkik "if I ... you" (boy hika)
 * banizkin "if I ... you" (girl hika)
 * banizkio "if I ... to her"

7

Nor nork paradigm: [Nork (ergatve or transitive subject) is expressed through suffixes. Nor (absolutive) agreement is expressed though prefixes as it is the nor and nor-nori paradigms, though here it corresponds to the object rather the object. The nork ...]