User:RcAlex36/notes

Chinese
Tones:

「恆」'tight'

 * Yue
 * Guangzhou (Chalmers 1891)
 * Hakka
 * MacIver (1926) Hên "[s]tretched tight, taut" (p. 156), Meixian, Xingning , Jiexi (Hepo) , Wuhua (Shuizhai) , Hong Kong , N. Sixian (Miaoli) , S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) , Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) , Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) , Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) , Zhao'an (Lunbei, Yunlin) , Changting , Wuping (Zhongshan) , Singkawang
 * Huizhou, Heyuan
 * Min Nan
 * PSM > Quanzhou, Yongchun , Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Zhangping (Yongfu) , Datian , Shantou (Duffus 1883) , Jieyang , Leizhou , Haikou
 * Puxian Min
 * Putian (Donghai)

This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 曾開一 平登匣, i.e. homophonous with.

The Zhao'an (Taiwan) Hakka form appears to be a borrowing from Min Nan.

'safe'

 * Yue
 * Guangzhou, Kaiping   “保險櫃“
 * Hakka
 * MacIver (1926) kap vàn "a money safe"(p. 217)
 * Huizhou ”保險箱，保險櫃“
 * Min Nan
 * Xiamen  "a strong chest for keeping money" (Douglas 1877), Zhangzhou (Douglas 1877), Shantou (Duffus 1883)  "safe, a, or a strong box", Jieyang
 * Min Dong
 * Fuzhou gák-mâng 夾幔 "a money-safe" (Maclay 1870)
 * Min Bei
 * Jian'ou  加躉 “木製的錢櫃” (source: 建甌方言詞典)

激 'fast'

 * Hakka
 * MacIver (1926) Kiak "[q]uick, fast" (p. 267), Rey (1926) Kiăc  "[m]archer vite, s'empresser" (p. 321). Meixian, Xingning , Xin'an (Basel) kyak6 , Jiexi (Hepo)  (in  "賽跑",  meaning 奔跑), N. Sixian (Miaoli) , S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) , Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) , Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) , Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu)

This etymon, written as in some academic sources, is likely derived from, whose MC rime 錫開 can develop into  in the above varieties of Hakka (compare 錫 and 壁 with the same MC rime); c.f. the semantic development of  "vigorous" > "fast" (in Hakka and Min Nan).

嶺?

 * Min Nan
 * Xiamen “脊背” (Douglas 1877; used in  "the shoulder of a hill higher than the intervening part; a swelling hump on the side of a hill",  "the hump at a cow's neck", etc.), Zhangzhou  “脊背”, Shantou (Fielde 1883)  "[t]he nape or ridge of the neck on an animal" and "[t]he dorsal fin", Jieyang  “魚類背部的鰭“, Haifeng  “傷痕”, Leizhou  “皮膚上被鞭子打後隆起的傷痕”

PSM can be reconstructed for this etymon. It is perhaps descended from ; c.f. 嶺 PSM > Xiamen, Shantou , Leizhou.

Douglas (1877) records Zhangzhou "the sloping shoulder of a hill" (p. 302) and  "the shoulder of a mountain, rising higher than the connecting ridge" (p. 312). The second syllables of both words are perhaps not related to, and in particular cannot be descended from. The rime in  suggests a MC origin of this morpheme; it is perhaps, which is also compatible with  as MC 鍾韻 corresponds to Zhangzhou  in some words (c.f.  in ,  in , , and ).

事 'to serve, etc.'

 * Min Nan
 * PSM > Quanzhou, Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Shantou (Fielde 1883)  祀 "to offer sacrifices to gods or devils; to set up and worship as a god", Jieyang , Leizhou

This etymon occurs as a standalone word and in some compounds in various varieties of Min Nan. Compare the following etymon, also derived from :
 * Min Nan
 * PSM 事 "affair" > Quanzhou, Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Datian , Shantou (Duffus 1883)  (in  "unconnected"), Jieyang

服事

 * Min Nan
 * Quanzhou, Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Shantou (Fielde 1883)
 * Yue
 * Guangzhou (Chalmers 1891, Ball 1902)
 * Hakka
 * McIver (1926) fu̍k sṳ̀ 服事 "to serve, wait on, to attend" (p. 122), Rey (1926) foŭc sé  服事 "servir, aider, soigner" (p. 816)

The Shantou form is literary.

While the second syllable in Min Nan can theoretically be, the second syllables in Yue and Hakka cannot be as  and  are not homophones in the above Yue and Hakka varieties.

Early Cantonese texts authored by missionaries exclusively use 服事 instead of 服侍. 服侍 is recorded in neither McIver (1926) nor Rey (1926), suggesting 服侍 was not in use in the varieties of Hakka both dictionaries recorded.

熟事

 * Min Nan
 * Quanzhou, Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Shantou (Fielde 1883) "not at all diffident; unabashed", Leizhou
 * Hakka
 * N. Sixian (Miaoli), S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) , Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) , Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) , Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) , Zhao'an (Lunbei, Yunlin)
 * Wu
 * Chongming 熟視 (崇明方言詞典), Suzhou  in  熟自人 (蘇州方言詞典)
 * Huizhou
 * Jixi 熟事 (績溪方言詞典)

occurs in both Min Nan and Taiwanese Hakka. The second syllable in Min Nan cannot be since the tone of MC  is shangsheng but the second syllable in Quanzhou has qusheng instead of yangshang (tone 4). While it is possible that the Taiwanese Hakka forms are instead, it is more likely that the Taiwanese Hakka forms were calqued from Min Nan. McIver (1926) also records 熟事 shu̍k sṳ̀ (p. 734), but it is glossed as "well versed in affairs".

杉

 * Yue
 * Guangzhou (Williams 1856), Hong Kong , Nanhai (Shatou) , Zhongshan (Shiqi) , Kaiping (Chikan) , Taishan (Taicheng) , Lianxian (Qingshui) , Yangshan , Yangjiang , Guigang , Nanning
 * Hakka
 * McIver (1926) Tshám (p. 908, Rey (1926) ts'ám  (p. 1154), Meixian, Jiexi (Hepo) , Lufeng (Shaank 1897) , Wuhua (Shuizhai) , Xin'an (Basel) , N. Sixian (Miaoli) , S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) , Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) , Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) , Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) , Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) , Wuping (Zhongshan) , Shanghang (Gutian) , Shanghang (Lanxi)
 * Huizhou, Heyuan

It is unclear if this etymon is related to (咸開二 平咸生). The palato-alveolar initial in Yue varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials (i.e. 1856 Guangzhou and Lianxian (Qingshui)) reflects MC 徹母, 昌母 or 初母, while the alveolar initial in Hakka varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials reflects MC 徹母 (div. 2), 初母, or 清母. The Yue and Hakka finals are consistent with MC 咸開二, i.e. 咸韻 or 銜韻. This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 去鑑初, i.e. homophonous with, although an MC 徹母 (div. 2) origin is also theoretically possible. The final of the Taishan (Taicheng) form appears to be irregular (the expected final is ), while the tones of the McIver (1926) and Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) forms are irregular (the expected tone in both cases is 5).

賺 'wrong'

 * Min Nan
 * Quanzhou, Xiamen , Zhangzhou , Swatow (Duffus 1883) , Jieyang , Cangnan (Lingxi)
 * Puxian Min
 * Putian (Donghai)
 * Min Dong
 * Fuzhou, Changle , Fuqing , Yongtai , Gutian , Cangnan (Qianku)
 * Wu
 * Ningbo, Wenling , Jinhua , Wenzhou , Longgang , Cangnan (Jinxiang)

This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 平陷澄, i.e. homophonous with. In 說文新附 by 徐鉉 (916–991), 𧸖, with the fanqie 佇陷切, is glossed as "重買也，錯也. 从貝廉聲", while in 宋本玉篇, 𧸖 with the fanqie 徒陷切 is glossed as "錯也，重賣也". This word with the meaning of "to hinder; to affect adversely" is attested in various texts from and after the Song dynasty as 賺 (see Hanyu Da Zidian).