User:Sarri.greek/About Medieval Greek

This page describes policies and practices specific to entries for Medieval Greek, also called Byzantine Greek, on the English Wiktionary, as well as those concerning Early Modern Greek.


 * See also About Ancient Greek & About Modern Greek

Divisions of the Greek language


The temporal divisions of the Greek language (code grk) on Wiktionary: Please, note that temporal boundaries are not restrictive. Stylistically, an author might choose to use any previous style, suffix, word or syntax. This ambiguity is reflected at various dictionaries marking a lemma either as Koine or as Medieval. As Medieval or as Modern.
 * Ancient Greek (code grc). Including its dialects and Koine Greek (grc-koi) of times, as well as Late Koine. Its script was upper case letters of Greek alphabet. In Wiktionary, as in all dictionaries, in lower case polytonic script. The earlier Mycenaean dialect (gmy) is presented separately because of its distinct writing system.
 * Medieval Greek (gkm), also called Byzantine Greek, conventionally from the 7th century, with Greek becoming the official language in the, replacing Latin (characteristically with   , those written in Greek), up to the  in 1453. Script: lower-case polytonic, then handwritten with many.
 * 600-1100 Most of the surviving medieval texts are written in a learned register, practically an extension of Koine. Examples of vernacular are rare. The medieval neologisms of this phase have inflectional forms identical to classic Ancient inflections. In some dictionaries, Late Koine from 300 onwards is named 'early medieval'.
 * 1100-1453 Texts in vernacular survive, like . Many authors continue to write in the ancient fashion (like Koine or even the Attic dialect). Others, in mixed style. The gap of diglossia of "learned, archaistic" versus "spoken, vernacular" had started already in Hellenistic times and persisted in various manners until 1976, when spoken (demotic) became official language in Greece.
 * Early Modern Greek follows, up to 1700 (1669, the marking the end of  ).
 * Script: lower-case polytonic. For its script, also for its characteristic medievalisms, it is presented together with Medieval Greek in en.wiktionary, as it also does in some contemporary dictionaries or grammars.
 * Modern Greek (el), Standard Modern Greek (SMG) ("koine Neo-Hellenic" as in Greek) and contemporary Greek dialects. Script: up to 1982 was polytonic. From 1982 onwards, officially in monotonic system (with only one accent), as is presented here at en.wiktionary. The obsolete Katharevousa, in polytonic.

Attestation
The normal standard for modern languages is three independent attestations (WT:CFI). However, extinct languages, require only a single attestation. Attestation: in texts, in glossae and definitions of grammariana and medieval lexicographers, at inscriptions.

Varieties
Dialects like Medieval Cypriot Greek or Medieval Cretan Greek are marked with template next to the PAGENAME.

Other regional or stylistic idioms may be marked with the label  placed before their translation/definition.

Linking to gkm from other pages

 * At etymologies, from etymology templates place the code gkm at "donor's" parameter. Categories are created. Example:
 * In body text, link or mention a word with Templates and . No categories are created.
 * also write the name of the language:
 * also write the name of the language:
 * also write the name of the language:

Example of lemma
Example of a feminine noun. 
 * For the quotations, use.
 * Do not forget to add at top of page the monotonic Modern Greek of the same form!

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1)  translation
 * 2) * 12th century - Author, Name. Work, section or page (preferably with link}
 * "gkm"
 * "gkm"

- ωωωωωtext

Orthography
Lemma becomes a spelling as attested. Caveat: In dictionaries or editions of medieval texts, especially of previous centuries, spelling is often "corrected" according to the editor's opinion: either hypercorrected according to Ancient Greek grammar rules, or in modern style, monotonically. In Wiktionary, the original spelling or spellings are lemmatised. Obvious misspellings (e.g. with no accents, overall mistakes, as found in personal notes, correspondence of semi-illiterate writers) are not lemmatised (but may be presented faithfully at quotations).

Because Medieval Greek uses a non-Roman alphabet, namely Greek polytonic without prosody, there are some issues peculiar to its entries.
 * For technical issues, fonts, display, codepoints, diacritics (spirits and accents), see WT:About Ancient Greek, except paragraphs concerning prosody markings.
 * For the automatic transliteration see Module:grc-translit and Ancient Greek transliteration. The rho ⟨Ρ  ρ⟩ is transliterated as ⟨R  r⟩  and ⟨Ῥ, ῥ⟩ as ⟨Rh  rh⟩. ??todo

Specifically for Medieval Greek:
 * The initial rho ⟨Ρ, ρ⟩ may also appear in texts in ancient fashion, with rough breathing (dasia)  ⟨Ῥ, ῥ⟩.
 * Wiktionary does not make lemmata with double rho marked with smooth breathing and rough breathing ⟨ῤῥ⟩. In quotations, they may be imitated as in the source (a manuscript). A transliteration to the standard may be included to fascilitate reading them.

Special symbols
Special forms of letters and the many used in manuscripts and early editions and not used when creating a lemma. If possible, quotations may include them if they appear in the source. Examples:

Numbers
Numbers were written with a macron or overbar over lowercase letters of Greek numbering system, or as in the standard fashion (Template:el-numbers)

Examples:

Headers
Most headers have a basic description in Entry layout. The minimum headers which are necessary for every entry are the Language (Medieval Greek), ', the POS (Part of speech) header and ' (references or further reading).



Alternative forms
Alternative forms include dialectal forms, variant spellings. In Medieval Greek, the variants are numbers, covering 1,000 years of evolution. which produces (as at ) or vertically

At the page of such a form, we write: At lemma it produces
 * using

Etymology
Category:Medieval Greek terms by etymology
 * see Etymology
 * Category:Medieval Greek references

Reference to dictionaries mentioned under the header Further reading or other etymological dictionaries. Many words are inherited from Koine Greek (grc-koi) or from Ancient Greek (grc). Learned high register terms may be internal learned borrowings from Ancient Greek. Loanwords may be direct (from speaker to speaker) or learned borrowings from languages like Latin (la), Medieval Latin (la-med), Venetian (vec), Slavic languages (sla),  Ottoman Turkish (ota). The etymology of the donor or ancestor terms is not repeated here. The etymological categories desired, may be added with template.

When a term comes from a PIE root, place the template at the top of the Etymology section.

Cognates may be listed if possible.

Morphological analysis must be included for derivations or compounds, but also, synchronically for inherited words. The stem and suffix must be clearly shown, as with all Greek words. Example at :

whic produces

For examples, see
 * inherited:
 * internal learned borrowing:
 * borrowing:, - learned borrowing:
 * calque:
 * or "repatriated" word:
 * derivation from term of previous phase:
 * derivation from term of previous phase:

Pronunciation
Template:User:Sarri.greek/gkm-IPA

Pronunciation should be used in all Medieval Greek entries. The template automatically presents pronunciations for both 10th and 15th century (they have slight differences). If only 15th century is needed, write

Part of speech
The “Part of Speech” headers which are currently used within Medieval Greek are: Adjective, Adverb, Article, Conjunction, Interjection, Noun, Number, Particle, Prefix, Preposition, Pronoun, Proper noun, Suffix, and Verb. These largely represent the standard across languages in Wiktionary. If an entry contains a different POS header than those listed above, it is likely incorrect. Different POS headers may be acceptable, but should be carefully checked and discussed with other editors.

Head of lemma The head must be written with templates, language code gkm at 1st position, Part of speech at 2nd position. For nouns, add gender with  Categories may be added here (see template's instructions). No other suffixes or inflectional forms are added next to the pagename as in other languages. The main dictionaries of our, do not mention any such form near the head. The reason is the polytypy of forms through centuries. Inflectional forms are discussed under the heading

Definitions Under the PAGENAME {head} + one empty line write # and a translation (or definition if an English word does not correspond)

Synonyms, antonyms, and other notes may be placed under a specific sense with # and : (colon)
 * See templates

may follow, with # and * (asterisk).

Contracted verbs
Our lemma for contracted verbs, is -ῶ. Most dictionaries present these verbs in the uncontracted form (e.g. -έω) in the ancient fashion. Such uncontracted forms do not exist in Medieval or Early Modern Greek. The later suffix -άω, is a new development, and is treated differently.

Inflection
{under development, 2024}

Inflectional forms are A clitic paradigm of expected inflectional forms will be placed at Appendix:Medieval Greek grammar (the project is under development).
 * either listed one by one and discussed separately (as in )
 * or placed in a table.

Every attested inflectional form may have a page of its own. With reference; ideally including a quotation. Example: ...

Bulleted lists
The following headers contain only bulleted lists. Bullets are created by starting the line with an asterisk (*), followed by a single space, followed by the content. Words linked to in such lists are best encoded using If there are more than a few terms in the list, please use template or, for 3 columns. Example:
 * The parameters (optional): sort=0 do not sort automatically / collapse=0 do not hide line, make it a visible table
 * at the end of the list we close the columns with
 * at the end of the list we close the columns with

division templates such as, , and should be used. If there are many terms (e.g. more than twenty), use a template that produces a collapsing table such as and.

For synonyms, near-synonyms, antonyms ana all -nyms
 * see instruction as in #About Ancient Greek, -nyms
 * and Semantic relations

For derivatives or compounds (of the same language period) make lists under (medieval words)
 * But make sure, that these derivations occured during this, medieval phase.
 * If uncertain, place them under Related terms:

(medieval words)
 * By "Related" we mean etymologically related: they come from the same root or word.
 * Do not place here words of other periods or languages.
 * If they are descendants, place them under
 * Words which are not etymologically related, but might be of some interest, may be placed under: "See also"

(non-medieval words)
 * See template and instructions at #About Ancient Greek, descendants
 * place on top any iherited words.


 * Words, links or notes, that cannot be placed under any of the above Headers, but would be useful or interesting to the readers.

Dictionaries
Our standard referdnce sources (at least one of them should be listed)

Texts
For all medieval texts, special care should be taken for the choice of edition. Critical editions are preferred. Caveat for editions with "corrected" spellings and/or forms according to Ancient Greek grammatical rules.

Abbreviations of authors and works are available at all dictionaries. Especially
 * abbreviations of
 * pdf Bibliographical Guide (in Greek) of
 * sources (manuscripts, main editions) of

Anthologies
 * (in Greek) anthology of texts with comments, introduction notes
 * @catholiclibrary.org Search for ecclesiastic and Byzantine authors. Texts in Ancient Greek, Latin, English.

Other
 * el.wiktionary Library for Medieval Greek Aids, links and notes by editors, on sources and bibliographic data they use at el.wiktionary.

More help
Let us know of any questions. Feel free to drop a question or common at the talk pages of editors for Medieval Greek.