User:Sumiaz/Nahuatl

Predicative prefixes
Titoltecatl. "You are a Toltec."

Possessed nouns
Prefixes
 * tē- "somebody's"
 * tla- "something's"
 * ne- [for V.refl → N]

Suffixes

Absolutive nouns
Suffixes
 * -tli/-lli/-tl/-in [singular]
 * -tin/-meh/-h [plural]

Verb morphology

 * 1) Optative marker
 * 2) * mā- "if, should it be that, let it be that"
 * 3) * tlā- [polite form of mā-]
 * 4) * māca(mō)- [negative of mā, from mā+ahmo]
 * 5) * tlāca(mō)-/tlē- [negative of tlā-]
 * 6) Negative marker ah- or ahmo "not"
 * 7) Antecessive prefix ō- "already"
 * 8) Subject prefix
 * 9) * ni- "I" and ti-/xi- "we"
 * 10) * ti-/xi- "you (sg)" and am-/an- "you (pl)"
 * 11) * Third-person subject is unmarked.
 * 12) Specific object prefix
 * 13) * nēch- "me" and tēch- "us"
 * 14) * mitz- "you (sg)" and amēch- "you (pl)"
 * 15) * c-/qui- "him/her/it" and quim- "them"
 * 16) Directional prefixes huāl- "hither" and on- "thither"
 * 17) Reflexive prefixes
 * 18) * no- "myself" and to- "ourselves"
 * 19) * mo- "yourself/yourselves/itself/themselves"
 * 20) * ne- [for reflexive verbs used nonreflexively]
 * 21) Nonspecific object (dummy object)
 * 22) * tē- [human] and tla- [nonhuman]
 * 23) VERB STEM
 * 24) Tense and number suffixes
 * 25) Causative suffix
 * 26) Passive/Inactive suffix
 * 27) Valence suffix

For object suffixes, agreement is preferentially benefactive > indirect > direct. For example, if saying "I gave it to you for her," the single object suffix will agree with "her."

Verb classes

 * tichōcah "we cry"
 * tiāltiāni "we habitually bathe"
 * amquicuāyah "you were eating it"
 * ōtiāltihqueh "we bathed"
 * tiyōlca "you had lived"
 * māca quicuahtin "lest they eat it"
 * chōcazque "they will cry"
 * mā yōlican "let them live"
 * cāltīzqueh "they will bathe him"
 * cāltīzquiyah "they would bathe him"
 * ōcāltīzquiya "she would have bathed him"

Class assignment

 * 1) Closed list of exceptions
 * 2) * Irregular verbs: cā/ye, huītza, yā/huih, huāllā/huālhuih
 * 3) * Out-of-class verbs: pāca/pāc "to wash" (2, not 1); tōna/tōnac "to proper" (1, not 2); zōma/zōmah "to irritate" (4, not 2)
 * 4) Verbs ending in -hua and -ya
 * 5) * -hua, intransitive (Class 1), e.g. ēhua → ēhuac "he departed"
 * 6) * -hua, transitive (Class 2), e.g. ēhua → mēuh "he raised himself"
 * 7) * -ya (Class 1 or 2 as preferred)
 * 8) Certain monosyllabic verbs
 * 9) * #Ca# (Class 4)
 * 10) * i# (Class 1, i → ī), e.g. i → quīc "he drank it"
 * 11) Verbs ending in -o, -tla, and -ca
 * 12) * Co (Class 1, o → ō), e.g. pano → panōqueh "they passed", temo → temōc "he descended"
 * 13) * -tla (Class 1), e.g. mōtla → quimōtlac "he threw stones at him"
 * 14) * -ca (Class 1), e.g. chōca → chōcaqueh "they wept", tēca → motēcac "he lay down"
 * 15) Other verbs
 * 16) * CCV (Class 1), e.g. itta → quittaqueh "they saw it", ahci → ahcic "he arrived"
 * 17) * VCV (Class 2), e.g. quīza → niquīz "I sent out", miqui → mic "he died", tzacua → niquitzauc "I covered it", nēci → nēzqueh "they appeared", xima → ninoxin "I shaved myself", chiya → nitlachix "I looked", mati → quimah "he knew it"
 * 18) * VV (Class 3), e.g. ihtoa → ihtoh "he spoke", quihtohqueh "they said it"

Auxiliary suffixes

 * Ten verbs are commonly used as auxiliaries to give a nuanced meaning.

Intentional suffixes

 * Used to mean "to come (introverse) or to go (extroverse) in order to verb," using present stem (Base 1).

Abstract nouns
Formed with the suffix -(l)iztli:
 * nemi "to live" → nemīztli "living"
 * cochi "to sleep" → cochiliztli "sleeping"
 * tlazohtla "to love" → tlazohtlaliztli "love"
 * miqui "to die" → miquiliztli/miquiztli "death"
 * tēmachtia "to instruct people" → tēmachtiliztli "instructing, education"

Agentive nouns
Usually formed from the absolutive in one of three ways:
 * 1) Add -ni to the verb stem, adding -meh if plural
 * mati "to know" → tlamati "to know something" → tlamatini "scholar" → tlamatinimeh'' "scholars"
 * 1) Add -qui (singular) or -queh (plural) to the preterite, deleting the ō-
 * chōca "to cry" → ōchōcac "cried" → chōcacqui "the one crying"
 * miqui "to die" → ōmic "died" → micqueh "the dead"
 * cua "to eat" → ōcuah "ate" → cuahqui "eater"
 * 1) Like (2) except the singular omits -qui
 * poloa "to lay waste" → tēpoloa "to conquer people" → ōtēpoloh "conquered" → tēpoloh "conqueror" → tēpolohqueh "conquerors"

Affix list

 * Existing pages (5/21/17): -can, -choh, -chotl, -co, -eh, -h, -huah, -huahqueh, -huan, -lah, -liztli, -loh, -lotl, -meh, -ni, -pa, -pahuic, -pan, -pil, -pipil, -pol, -queh, -qui, -tech, -techpa, -tin, -tlah, -ton, -tontli, -toton, -tzin, -xoh, -yoh, -yotl, -zo, -zotl, ah-, am-, amech-, an-, c-, chiuc-, mah-, mitz-, ni-, no-, nech-, qu-, quim-, quin-, te-, tech-, ti-, tla-, xochih-