User:Sumiaz/Ordering

Suffix Order
The orders described below are general guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules.

Muysken (1986)

 * Pieter Muysken's order:
 * ROOT - Valence[1] ( RECP, DES, CAUS ) - Voice - Valence[2] ( REFL, BEN ) - Aspect - Object - Tense - Subject - Number - Mood

Kelly (2011)
David Weber (1996) describes Huallaga Quechua as utilizing an "inflectional complex" of suffixes, broken down into the obligatory "transitional" suffixes, and the optional "pre-" and "post-transitional" suffixes. The term "transition" is taken from colonial-era descriptions of Quechua, referring to those suffixes that express the relationship between subject and object.


 * Niamh Kelly's order (2011):
 * Pretransitional: VBZ - MDF - AUX - DIR
 * Transitional: OBJ - PROG - PST - 1.SBJ.FUT - IMP - 3.SBJ - 2.OBJ - 3.SBJ.FUT - PL.SBJ/OBJ - COND
 * Posttransitional: NUAC - EV - POSTPOS

Pre-Transitional Order

 * Derivational suffixes tend to come first.
 * k'uspa "curly" → k'uspachay "to make curly"

Examples

 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 1 |maqaykuwananpaq
 * maqa-yku-wa-na-n-paq
 * hit -INT-1.OBJ-SUB-3S.SBJ-BEN
 * colspan = 1 |"so that he hits me"
 * }
 * colspan = 1 |"so that he hits me"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 3 |nina k'uspachachkan aqchanta
 * nina||k'uspa-cha-chka-n||aqcha-n-ta
 * fire||curly -CAUS-PROG-3S.SBJ ||hair -3S.POS-ACC
 * colspan = 3 |"the fire is making his hair curly"
 * }
 * colspan = 3 |"the fire is making his hair curly"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 1 |uyawarqanki
 * uya-wa-rqa-nki
 * hear -1.OBJ-PST.M-2S.SBJ
 * colspan = 1 |"you heard me"
 * }
 * colspan = 1 |"you heard me"
 * }
 * }

Radius of Influence

 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 2 |liyita yachachiwanqa
 * liyi-ta||yacha-chi-wa-nqa
 * read -ACC ||know -CAUS-1.OBJ-3S.SBJ.FUT
 * colspan = 2 |"he will teach me to read"
 * }
 * colspan = 2 |"he will teach me to read"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 1 |aruchiysisun
 * aru-chi-ysi-su-n
 * work -CAUS-AST-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ
 * colspan = 1 |"he'll make someone else work for you"
 * }
 * colspan = 1 |"he'll make someone else work for you"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 1 |aruysichisun
 * aru-ysi-chi-su-n
 * work -AST-CAUS-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ
 * colspan = 1 |"he'll make you help someone else to work"
 * }
 * colspan = 1 |"he'll make you help someone else to work"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 3 |kay wallpata wañuchipuykuway
 * kay||wallpa-ta||wañu-chi-pu-yku-wa-y
 * this||chicken -ACC ||die -CAUS-BEN-INT-1.OBJ-IMP
 * colspan = 3 |"please kill this chicken for me"
 * }
 * colspan = 3 |"please kill this chicken for me"
 * }
 * }


 * {| style="border: 0px;"


 * colspan = 3 |kay wallpata wañuykuchipuway
 * kay||wallpa-ta||wañu-yku-chi-pu-wa-y
 * this||chicken -ACC ||die -INT-CAUS-BEN-1.OBJ-IMP
 * colspan = 3 |"make them kill this chicken for me"
 * }
 * colspan = 3 |"make them kill this chicken for me"
 * }
 * }

Abbreviations
Abbreviations tend to follow those listed, but a few differences exist:
 * A distinction is made between Causal [CAL] -rayku and Causative [CAUS] -cha/-chi
 * The glosses EV and PST are accompanied by M (first-hand info) or S (second-hand info):
 * M-Evidential [EV.M] -m(i); Experienced M-Past [PST.M] -rqa
 * S-Evidential [EV.S] -s(i); Reported S-Past [PST.S] -sqa
 * The gloss Object [OBJ] usually refers to the direct object, although in some contexts it may refer to an indirect object.
 * The nominative case [NOM], carrying no particular suffix, is unmarked and ignored in glosses.
 * The suffix -man is variably treated as a [DAT] or  [ILL] case. This page analyzes it as a  [LAT] case.

List
1=First-person; 2=Second-person; 3=Third-person; ABE=Abessive; ABL=Ablative; ACC=Accusative; ASC=Associative; AST=Assistive; AUX=Auxiliary; BEN=Benefactive; CAL=Causal; CAUS=Causative; COM=Comitative; COMP=Comparative; DES=Desiderative; DIR=Directional; DSTR=Distributive; DUR=Durative; EV=Evidential; EX=Exclusive; FUT=Future; GEN=Genitive; IMP=Imperative; IN=Inclusive; INS=Instrumental; INT=Intensifier; ITR=Iterative; LAT=Lative; LOC=Locative; MDF=Modifier; NUAC=Nuance; OBJ=Object; PL=Plural; POS=Possessive; PROG=Progressive; PST=Past; RECP=Reciprocal; REFL=Reflexive; SG=Singular; SBJ=Subject; SUB=Subordinator; TERM=Terminative; VBZ=Verbalizer