User:TheSilverWolf98/The Scanian Language

This is where I attempt to, using as many sources as I can get my hands on, establish standards for recording the Scanian language (Skånska) of southern Sweden on Wiktionary. In Swedish literature, is is commonly just referred to as "Sydsvenska Mål" (literally South-Swedish Language), however, its mutual intelligibility with Stockholm Swedish is extremely limited and Scanian preserves a number of archaic features that Swedish does not, such as the feminine gender, and a residual case system. For these reasons, I believe it should be classified as a language in its own right, regardless of the political sensitivity on the subject. Skånska proper covers the entirety of Skåne, Blekinge, the southern half of Småland, and the lower two thirds of Hälland. The dialect of Bornholm may also be included, as it shares a number of similarities with the Scanian dialects of Sweden. The dialect of Malmö has been most heavily influenced by Danish with regards to its phonology, however, the other parts of Skåne and the other provinces have preserved a phonologically more archaic version of Scanian. The dialect of Öland has also been influenced by Scanian, though is still at its core a Götaland dialect. =Phonology=

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VgV- is lost in Bjuv. See [sɛːɐ̯] "". I propose this word be written säğer. NOTE: comes from ɡ>ɣ>h/j>Ø.
 * Old East Norse -Vð is lost in Bjuv. See [meː] "". I propose this word be written með.
 * Old East Norse -VðV- is lost in Bjuv. See [seːn] "". I propose this word be written seðen.
 * Old East Norse -VndV- becomes Bjuv nː. See [kʉnːe] "". I propose this word be written kunne.
 * Old East Norse -Vnd becomes Bjuv nː. See Smålånn ", iblann'' "".
 * Old East Norse -VksV- becomes Bjuv -VsːV-. See åsså "".

Vowels

 * Old East Norse iː becomes Bjuv ei̯ː. See [fei̯ːnɑ] "" and [hei̯ːt] "". I propose these words be written feina and heit.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VvV-. See [gɑːvɑ] "". I propose this word be written gava. NOTE: comes from p>b>β>v.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VvV-. See [gɑːvɑ] "". I propose this word be written gava.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -oːpV- becomes Unknown -ɔːwV-. See [ʁɔːwɛ] "". I propose this word be written råwa. NOTE: comes from p>b>β>w.
 * Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -VjV-. See [lɛːjɛ] "". I propose this word be written legja.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -Vd͡ʑV-. See [leːd͡ʑa] "". I propose this word be written legja.
 * Old East Norse -Vt becomes Unknown -Vð. See [bʁʉð] ""; [spʉð] "". I propose these words be written brud and spud.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse hvV- becomes Södra Mellby hV-. See [hɔ̞ːr] "" and [hɨ̞mː] "". I propose these words be written hår and hymm.
 * Old East Norse kvV- is preserved in Södra Mellby.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -VgV-. See [leːga] ""; [kʰɑːga] "". I propose these words be written lega and kaga.
 * Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VbV-. See [gɑːba] "". I propose this word be written gaba.

Vowels

 * Old East Norse uː becomes Malmö ø͡ʉ̟. See [mø͡ʉ̟s] "". I propose this word be written möus.
 * Old East Norse oː becomes Malmö e͡u. See [me͡us] "". I propose this word be written meus.
 * Old East Norse yː becomes Malmö ø͡y. See [lø͡ys] "". I propose this word be written löys.
 * Old East Norse øː becomes Malmö ɶ͡œ. See [lɶ͡œs] "". I propose this word be written löös.
 * Old East Norse ɑ becomes Malmö a͡ɔ. See [la͡ɔd] "". I propose this word be written laåd.

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Listerland -VbV-. See [seu̯ːba] "". I propose this word be written seuba.
 * Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Listerland -VgV-. See [mau̯ːgɛ] "". I propose this word be written mauge.
 * Old East Nose -VtV- becomes Listerland -VdV-. See [gaːdɛ] ""; [aɪːda] "". I propose these words be written gada and aida.
 * Old East Norse -Vk becomes Listerland -Vg. See [veɪ̯ːg] "". I propose this word be written veig.
 * Old East Norse þ- becomes Listerland t-. See [tøʏ̯ːa] "". I propose this word be written töya.
 * Old East Nose -ð is lost in Listerland. See [jeu̯a̯ː] "". I propose this word be written jeur.

Vowels

 * Old East Norse iː becomes Listerland eɪ̯ː. See [veɪ̯ːg] "".
 * Old East Norse ɑː becomes Listerland au̯ː. See [sau̯] ""; [twau̯ː] ""; [sʍau̯ːat] "". I propose these words be written sau; twau; and swaurt.
 * Old East Norse yː becomes Listerland øʏ̯ː. See [tøʏ̯ːa] "".
 * Old East Norse æ becomes Listerland aɪː. See [aɪːda] "".

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VtV- becomes Osby -VdV-. See [bʁəyda] ""; [prɑːda] ""; [əʉdə] ""; [lɛidə] ""; [bɛida] "". I propose these words be written breyda; prada; eude; leide; and beidar.
 * Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Osby -VgV-. See [bʁəʉga] ""; [blɛegɪŋ] "". I propose these words be written breugar and bleging.
 * Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Osby -VbV-. See [səʉbəd] "". I propose this word be written seubid.
 * Old East Norse -Vk becomes Osby -Vg. See [skʁɛeɡ] ""; [mjəʉɡ] "". I propose that these words be written skreg and mjeug.

Vowels

 * Old East Norse yː becomes Osby əy. See [bʁəyda] "".
 * Old East Norse iː becomes Osby ɛi. See [lɛidə] ""; and [bɛida] "".
 * Old East Norse uː becomes Osby əʉ. See [əʉdə] "".

Consonants

 * Old East Norse -VþV- is lost in Södra Sandsjö. See [tiːe̞na] "" (from the original feminine accusative tīþena). I propose this word be written tiðena.
 * Old East Norse þ- becomes Södra Sandsjö d-. See [dɔ̞i̯n] "". I propose this word be written dåin.
 * Old East Norse -VdːV- is preserved in Södra Sandsjö. See [klɑi̯dːa] "". I propose this word be written klaidda.

Vowels

 * Old East Norse iː is preserved in Södra Sandsjö. See [tiːe̞na] "" (from the original feminine accusative tīþena). I propose this word be written tiðena.
 * Old East Norse e becomes Södra Sandsjö ɔ̞i̯. See [dɔ̞i̯n] "". I propose this word be written dåin.

=Grammar=

Cases

 * In Södra Sandsjö, the Norse feminine accusative form has been preserved, for example [tiːe̞na] tiðena from Old Swedish . Another would be [t͡sɶːɐ̯ke̞na] tsörkena from Old Swedish . I am not sure why the second k does not show palatisation effects from the j. One would expect it to be a fricative somewhere along the lines of t͡ɕ or ɕ. Perhaps the -ena from other feminine nouns was generalised?

Verbs
The accent patterns (noted here on this page by an acute and a grave accent) are crucial in determining the forms of a verb in Skånska. From my own research, analysing a number of dialect texts collected between the 1870's and 1950's, it seems that there are a number of consistent patterns emerging. For example, the infinitive of a verb seems to take accent pattern #2 (denoted here with a grave); whereas the active past indicative singular usually seems to take accent pattern #1 (shown with an acute accent). This may, however, have a folk etymology base, rather than being inherited from an older form of Skånska.

Bö - To Become
Not a verb used in Modern Swedish, confined to south-east Skåne, and often conflated with reflexes of, which is a Saxon loanword. Not sure where bö comes from, but it's clearly a strong verb, and shows archaic features.
 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [byt̠ʲɕː]; [bɪt̠ʲɕː]; [bykː]; [bɪkː]; [bytː]; [bɪtː].
 * Act.Past.Ind.Pl. [bỳɲːe̞]; [bɪ̀ɲːe̞].

Få/Fånga - To Get, Catch
The Modern Swedish form of this verb merges two originally distinct ones - få from Old East Norse; and fånga borrowed from Saxon.
 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [fɪ́t̠ʲɕ] (Örsjö); [fít̠ʲɕ] (Östra Vemmenhög) = Modern Swedish . Seems to follow the same pattern as gå/gånga for this part of the verb.

Gå/Gånga - To Go
The Modern Swedish form of this verb merges two originally distinct ones - gå from Old East Norse; and gånga borrowed from Saxon.
 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [jít̠ʲɕ] (Kivik; Simris); [jɔ̞́i̯k] (Södra Sandsjö); [jɪ́t̠ʲɕ] (Örsjö; Falsterbo); [jeː] (Simris; Löderup); [jít̠ʲɕː] (Skanör) = Modern Swedish . Simris and Löderup have preserved a different form of this word. Will have to do extra research to determine where it comes from.

Hjälpa - To Help
Skånska preserves the original strong inflection of this verb, unlike Modern Swedish, which has relegated this to the weak class.
 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [jɑ̞̽́lp] (Kivik; Falsterbo) = Modern Swedish . Skånska has generalised the hj- beginning to this part of the verb, which did not originally have it in Old East Norse. The vowel quality though has been preserved.

Komma - To Come, Arrive

 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [kómː] (Kivik; Falsterbo; Reng); [kɞ́m] (Södra Sandsjö); [kóm] (Löderup; Örsjö; Östra Vemmenhög) = Modern Swedish . All vowel reflexes are as expected, though the long final nasal in the form from Kivik, Falsterbo, and Reng is puzzling. This feature is also present in.

Ligga - To Lie, Be Situated

 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [lɔ̞́ː] (Simris); [lä́u] (Örsjö); [lɔ̞́ːw] (Falsterbo) = Modern Swedish.

Taga (Ta) - To Take, Accept, Steal, Pick Up
Skånska preserves a more archaic conjugation pattern than Modern Swedish, which has greatly simplified this verb.
 * Act.Past.Ind.Sg. [tóː] (Kivik; Skanör); [tók] (Södra Sandsjö); [tóːg] (Löderup); [tóːw] (Örsjö); [týt̠ʲɕ] (Simris; Löderup) = Modern Swedish . A number of different forms seem to have been preserved here - I would not have expected the final g to have been preserved as they are in Löderup and Södra Sandsjö - this may potentially be influence from other Swedish dialects, or descendants from alternative forms of the verb with an original -kk- cluster. The umlaut on the vowel of the second from from Löderup and Simris is equally puzzling, as is their reflex of the final consonant, which suggests the influence of j or a front vowel. More investigation is needed here.

=Vocabulary= NOTE: I will enter all words in here as I find them in the sources, without any changes to orthography. Proposed changes will be mentioned in my comments on the words.

Nouns

 * Agerhynna -.
 * Ajn -.
 * Akarnaskrika -.
 * Allika -.
 * Balle -.
 * Blopölsa -.
 * Blåbukar -.
 * Blåkorn -.
 * Blålilja -.
 * Bonne -.
 * Botta -.
 * Braspanna -.
 * Brilling -.
 * Bröddröjare -.
 * Bulle -, bread roll.
 * Böjsor -.
 * Böljon/böljen -.
 * Böst/Bööst -.
 * Drábinge -.
 * Datten - (children's game).
 * Drög -,.
 * Duvestol -.
 * Dynna -.
 * Fansögon -.
 * Fiddamad/fittamaed -.
 * Fjåne -.
 * Flabb -.
 * Främmad -.
 * Främmanssorg -.
 * Fubbik -.
 * Ful (pl. fyle) -.
 * Fylle -.
 * Fälleben - a leg stuck out as an obstacle in order to trip someone. Also used figuratively for an unforeseen pitfall.
 * Fästenål -.
 * Hanafjed
 * Havdjävul -.
 * Have -.
 * Havpadda -.
 * Havulv -.
 * Havvadöör -.
 * Hin(d)bär/hingbär/hinnebär -.
 * Hossa -.
 * Hue(d)/hoe(d) -.
 * Hyll -.
 * Hyllebär -.
 * Hynna -.
 * Häfta - a pause in a rainshower.
 * Iling -.
 * ''Illebrann -.
 * Jungfruöga -.
 * Kaga -,.
 * Kattyven -.
 * Klydd -,.
 * Klydderöv -.
 * Klägg -.
 * Knekt -
 * Knudor -.
 * Knävvligt - something that is.
 * Koplada -.
 * Kravvel -.
 * Kropp -.
 * Kvabbaso -.
 * Kylling -.
 * Kyssebär/kössebär/kirser -.
 * Kålorm -.
 * Källing -.
 * Lann -.
 * Leasticka -.
 * Lomma -.
 * Luda -.
 * Melkenatistel -.
 * Måbär -.
 * Mög -.
 * Panna -.
 * Pannelapp - pan rack.
 * Pantoffla -.
 * Pjätt - (children's game).
 * Pugga -.
 * Puggehattar - (Literally "toad's hat").
 * Pusse/posse -.
 * Påg -.
 * Påvespel -.
 * Päror -.
 * Pölsa -.
 * Rabba - (the vegetable).
 * Rabbemos - a dish made of mashed root vegetables like swedes, potatoes, and turnips.
 * Ripbär -.
 * Ripse-boska -.
 * Risp -.
 * Rullebör -.
 * Rävarumpa -.
 * Saggla -.
 * Sjöulv -.
 * Sjövarg -.
 * Skammel -.
 * Skúffen -.
 * Sk'åbójden -.
 * Skogsskata -.
 * Slinnor -.
 * Smörmad -.
 * Sníf'åg -.
 * Snurreröv -.
 * Spann -.
 * Stégejärn - steak.
 * Stickelbär -.
 * Stert -.
 * Svåen -.
 * Sylta -.
 * Tann -.
 * Toböder -.
 * Tocke -.
 * Tollor -.
 * Träbonnar -.
 * Tös - young.
 * Vann -.
 * Vannarre -.
 * Vargfisk -.
 * Videvev/vitverv -.
 * Vinn -.
 * Vinorna -.
 * Visping -.
 * Vitvirra/vitvira -.
 * Våtarv -.
 * Vägbredd -.
 * Vär -.
 * Ängabulla -.
 * Ängaknappa -.

Verbs

 * Asa - to,.
 * Blaga - to.
 * Bloa - to.
 * Dust - to be in a fistfight.
 * Flabba - to laugh loudly in an unrestrained manner.
 * Gamsa - to,.
 * Gita - to with.
 * Gona sej - to.
 * Grina - to.
 * Gö - to.
 * Hotta/hutta - to.
 * Hyna - to,.
 * Lyna - to, become.
 * Klina - to smear something sticky.
 * Knävvla - to.
 * Kravvla - to,.
 * Piva - to,.
 * Pluna - to take a.
 * Raina - to.
 * Skacka - to move a little laterally.
 * Skula - to seek shelter.
 * Snuda - to.
 * Åga/Aga - to,.

Adjectives

 * Akáva -,.
 * Ballögd - having a squint.
 * Bytade -,.
 * Fortrydden -,.
 * Forvidden -.
 * Glyttig -,.
 * Grann -.
 * Hennad -.
 * Hialös -, ,.
 * Hied -.
 * Hällörad -.
 * Kagig -,.
 * Klínt -.
 * Klyddig -.
 * Kläggig -.
 * Klökas -.
 * Knoed -.
 * Kýllnim -.
 * Kär -,.
 * ''Läbbigt -.
 * Morrt -.
 * Morsamt -.
 * Mårkemass -,.
 * Najed -,.
 * Nimmt -,.
 * Nätt -.
 * Oppied -.
 * Pennahöre -,.
 * Pittögd - having a squint.
 * Pived -.
 * Pömsig -.
 * Redi -, ,.
 * Rehändigt/rahändigt -,.
 * Relong -.
 * Rälig -,.
 * Slänat -,.
 * Smord -.
 * Snurrebojsa -.
 * Spéklegen -.
 * Stirred -.
 * Sylten -.
 * Tjiverlett -.
 * Tosig/[ˈtɘʊːˌsɪ(g)] -.
 * Tradigt -.
 * Vrångklövad -.
 * Ännaklämd -.
 * Ässjig -.

Adverbs

 * Där henne/hänne -,.
 * Hen -,.
 * Ihopa/ihoppa -.
 * I'jons -,.
 * Litt/lita/lide -,.
 * Möed -,.
 * Nock -.
 * Osså -.
 * Rätt va de -.
 * Vingt -, at an angle.

Pronouns

 * Alltihoppa -.

=References=
 * Dialektutjämning i Osby Kommun i Nordöstra Skåne - Greta Horn (Göteborgs Universitet)
 * Vokaler i Ystaddialekten - Anneli Nilsson (Lunds Universitet)
 * Diphthongization in the Malmö Dialect - Gösta Bruce
 * South Swedish Diphthongization: An Articulographic and Acoustic Study of /uː/ in the Malmöhus Dialect - Susanne Schötz et al. (Lunds Universitet)
 * Vad är Danskt och Vad är Svenskt i Skånes Dialekter? - Mathias Standberg (Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore)
 * Monoftongeringen i Sverige och Danmark - Felix Marklund (Uppsala Universitet)
 * https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://hjartekviltarna.se/onewebmedia/Sk%25C3%25A5nsk%2520ordlissta.docx&_r=1
 * https://fuks.se/leon/skansk_ordlista.htm
 * The Swedish Wikipedia
 * The Swedish Wiktionary