Wigner crystal

Etymology
After Hungarian-American physicist,, who predicted the crystalline state in 1934.

Noun

 * 1)  A solid, crystalline phase of ions or charged particles (originally, and especially electrons) in a uniform, inert neutralising background, such that said ions have insufficient momentum to overcome their mutual repulsion and so remain fixed in a lattice formation.
 * 2) * 2013, Yehuda B. Band, Yshai Avishai, Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Nanotechnology and Information Science, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 816,
 * 3D Wigner crystals have not been observed experimentally. In addition to the difficulties in achieving low density, a Wigner crystal, once created, is not stable against various perturbations.
 * 1) * 2015,, Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques, Springer, 5th Edition, page 531,
 * If several ions are trapped in an ion trap and are cooled by optical sideband cooling, a "phase transition" may occur at the temperature $$T_C$$ where the ions arrange into a stable, spatially symmetric configuration like a crystal [1235—1238]. The distances between these ions in this Wigner crystal are about $$10^3-10^4$$ times larger than those in an ordinary ion crystal such as . Wigner crystals of electrons, where the electrons are located at certain regular positions in an external field, were first proposed by E. Wigner in 1934.
 * 1) * 2015,, Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques, Springer, 5th Edition, page 531,
 * If several ions are trapped in an ion trap and are cooled by optical sideband cooling, a "phase transition" may occur at the temperature $$T_C$$ where the ions arrange into a stable, spatially symmetric configuration like a crystal [1235—1238]. The distances between these ions in this Wigner crystal are about $$10^3-10^4$$ times larger than those in an ordinary ion crystal such as . Wigner crystals of electrons, where the electrons are located at certain regular positions in an external field, were first proposed by E. Wigner in 1934.

Translations

 * French: cristal de Wigner
 * German:
 * Italian: