Wiktionary:About Proto-Finnic

Proto-Finnic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Finnic languages.

Notation

 * Short vowels: i ü u e ë ö o ä a
 * Long vowels: ii üü uu ee ëë öö oo ää aa
 * Strong-grade consonants: p t k c pp tt kk cc
 * Weak-grade consonants: b d g p' t' k' c'
 * Other obstruents: s h
 * Sonorants: j l m n r v

No distinction is indicated between voiced plosives and fricatives, as this distinction was not phonemically relevant. The cluster *tk is written *ck when its South Estonian (Võro) outcome is tsk (reflecting earlier *čk), as *tk when the outcome is kk (reflecting earlier *dk and *tk). Semi-long consonants (weak grades of geminated consonants) are shown with an apostrophe (other conventions include e.g. *k̆k for *k').

Where relevant — primarily old loanwords such as, , when no Uralic proto-form exists that makes these facts clear — a reconstruction of the earlier Proto-Finnic form may be given, with *š for *h, *č for *t or *c(i) (where applicable), *w for *v, *e for final *i. Such reconstructions should not be linked.

Only *i is considered neutral under vowel harmony. *a *ë *o *u are back vowels and *ä *e *ö *ü front vowels (however, *o may appear in later syllables even in words with front vowels). Note in particular *e/*ë, a distinction not held by older sources, but generally found in newer ones.

Lemmatization
The lemma form of nouns and adjectives is the nominative singular form, as is usual. While some sources lemmatize verbs under their stems, on Wiktionary they are lemmatized under the *-dak infinitive, since most Finnic languages do the same. The Proto-Finnic verb headword template takes a verb stem parameter that should be given. See under Descendants for the treatment of Estonian and Võro.

Dialects
The context label "Northern Finnic" can be used for the numerous innovative words — mainly loanwords and derivatives — attested in most of the Northern Finnic subgroup (Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Livvi, Ludian, Veps), but absent from the southern languages (with the possible exception of Ingrian loanwords in Votic: compare WT:About Votic). The label should not be used for words that are Proto-Uralic (Proto-Finno-Permic, etc.) inheritance, or for words some derivatives of which have been attested in the southern languages: such words must have once been present in Proto-Finnic proper as well, and only later lost in the southern languages. Template code:

The term "Southern Finnic" may be used in some cases if appropriate, but it is important to remember that unlike Northern Finnic, Southern Finnic is highly likely to be only an areal grouping, not a genetic one.

Descendants
Descendants are listed in alphabetical order by language.

Descendants
Descendants should be by default listed in their literary standard forms. Please consult the language-specific Wiktionary considerations pages such as About Estonian, About Finnish, About Karelian or About Livonian, in case you are unsure about the orthographic standards of a given language.
 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

In particular, note that:
 * The creation of standardized forms of Livonian and any Eastern Finnic languages (Karelian proper, Livvi, Ludian and Veps) is quite recent, and 20th-century sources are unlikely to cite data in accordance to them.
 * No widely accepted literary standard has been established for Ingrian, but on Wiktionary the 1936 literary language (with a few modifications) is handled as main, both in entries and in Proto-Finnic descendant lists. The regional variations should be given with appropriate qualifiers.
 * No unified literary standard has been so far established for Votic, but on Wiktionary an orthography based on the 2015 and 2017 editions of Vadja sõnakopittõja is used. Most etymological sources give Votic terms according to how they are in VKS, which is a different orthography.
 * Krevinian (code ) and Kukkuzi (code  ) should be grouped under Votic.
 * No general South Estonian standard exists, and Wiktionary currently recognizes only Võro, but not other varieties such as Seto, Tartu or Leivu.
 * Whether Wiktionary should treat Kven and Meänkieli separately from Finnish, or as dialects of it, is currently under (slow-burning) discussion: see Requests for moves, mergers and splits.

In Estonian and Võro, it is customary (on Wiktionary and elsewhere) to use the ma-form (supine) as the lemma for verbs. In order to make comparisons between languages, and with the Proto-Finnic lemma, easier, both this lemma and the da-form should be shown in the descendants, separated by a slash. For example, for :
 * Võro: /
 * Võro: /

Dialectal forms can be included, if they show substantially different development from the standard language (especially if they provide evidence relevant for the reconstruction of the Proto-Finnic form), or in case no standard-language descendant form exists. In such a case, a modifier such as should be used before the form. Unified formatting can be applied to these using the template (or, for short, ).

Inflection
The inflection of nominals and verbs under Proto-Finnic entries is speculative and highly based on Finnish inflectional patterns. The tables are still subject to change, as one day a complete reconstruction of Proto-Finnic inflectional paradigms may be established.