Wiktionary:About Tagalog

This page lists several considerations for Tagalog entries to supplement Entry layout and other general policies.

A very simple example
This displays the basic layout of a Tagalog entry. Here is an example for :

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) dictionary

Spelling
Tagalog is written in the Latin script and Baybayin, but the latter is rarely used. Tagalog uses the 28-letter Filipino alphabet, basically the same as the English alphabet, but with the addition of Ñ and Ng.

Tagalog has undergone various spelling reforms, of note are the 2007 and 2014 reforms. This mostly deals with alternative spellings.

2007 reform
The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) passed a reform in 2007, that mostly affected variant spellings loanwords featuring vowel pairs starting with I or U, which were replaced with Y and W respectively when these letters are inserted. Such spellings were treated as standard variants before 1977 and between 1987 and 2007. These reforms remain in force as of 2014.

Spellings affected by this reform should be marked with tl-superseded spelling of.

2014 reforms
The KWF released new spelling rules in 2014, that is generally applicable to Tagalog, but is also applied to the other languages of the Philippines. A notable change is the full adoption of the Filipino alphabet, further permitting recent loanwords to be borrowed with little to no alteration in spelling.

The reforms generally affects primarily compounds, alternative forms and loanwords. Changes are the deprecation of many variant spellings starting with is of Spanish loanwords starting with es, reserving the initial syllable is to English borrowings (e.g., ) and variant spellings featuring the exchanging of E and I and and O and U (others are still standard), the standardization of spellings using the letters F, J, Ñ, V and X where the previous standard spelling transcribed them to Abakada (except in proper nouns e.g. Espanyol -> Español, pederalismo -> federalismo, Ipugaw -> Ifugaw, lebel -> level, seks -> sex), permitting of recent loanwords to be borrowed into the language with few to no alterations in spelling, and codification of rules when compounds are to be written with a space or with a hyphen. Several early Spanish (usually pre-1972) borrowings that have exchanged vowels remained standard (e.g. ). The spelling rules above is used in writing the entries listed at Diksiyonaryo.ph, which is detailed below.

Every effort must be done to determine the most common form, by searching Google Books, or looking up contemporary Tagalog print dictionaries such as the Diksiyunaryong Pilipino-Ingles (Sagalongos 1968), the Diksiyunaryo-tesauro Pilipino-Ingles (Panganiban 1972) and the English-Tagalog Dictionary (Fr. English 1985). Some of these dictionaries list forms that has since been superseded under the spelling reforms. New spellings introduced by KWF that did not displace previous spellings can either be added as alternative forms or turned into the main entry for the term in question, depending on the most current usage.

As of 2021, these rules are in effect, except and  has been deprecated in favor of the older and more common forms  and. Filipino when referring to the Filipino language remains standard.

Spellings deprecated in the 2014 reform are marked with tl-superseded spelling of, plus accompanying usage notes regarding the spelling.

English loanwords
Spelling of English loanwords are one problematic aspect of modern Tagalog spelling, due to the prevalence of Tagalog-English code-switching or "Taglish". It is common to insert English words or constructions wholesale into Tagalog sentences, and some English loanwords that have an attested phonetic spelling are being increasingly spelled and/or pronounced in their original (e.g. from ). Phonetic spellings, if attested, should be preferred as lemma, but editors should try to use their best judgment.

Capitalization
Tagalog generally follows the same capitalization rules as English, and this generally applies to:
 * terms from proper nouns
 * names of religions
 * nationalities and ethnicities
 * names of holidays and festivities
 * names of academic and scientific ideas (especially when derived from proper nouns)
 * names of days and months

Lemma entries
There are special considerations for Tagalog lemmas of adjectives and verbs:


 * Adjectives: Root word (for simple or "passive" adjectives) and singular form (for adjectives formed with ). Plural forms of adjectives formed by adding to a noun root, and reduplicated forms of simple adjectives are not lemma (except reduplicated adjectives with idiomatic meanings)
 * Verbs: All possible affixed infinitives, not the bare root. Some small Tagalog dictionaries use the root word as the verb lemma, but since Tagalog is agglutinative in nature, the roots only become verbs when affixes are added. Most Tagalog dictionaries lists verbs by all the possible affixed forms, and the roots generally being nouns or adjectives (see talk). In addition, some list both bare roots and affixed infinitives as verbs.

Conjugation
(verbs only)

Alternative forms
As a descriptive dictionary, Tagalog entries in Wiktionary should also list alternative forms, that are soft redirects to the standard spelling, such as:


 * Dialectal spellings (e.g. Batangas Tagalog spellings)
 * Historical, alternative, or superseded spellings
 * Common misspellings.

Tagalog entries are generally written in Latin script and without diacritics (except the Ñ found in proper nouns). Historically, baybayin is used, in Old Tagalog and early modern Tagalog, and is recommended, but not mandatory for most Tagalog entries, especially modern borrowings. Baybayin forms are not listed in this section, but on the headword.

The main Tagalog entry should generally follow the KWF orthography in use since 2014, which is explained in.

Etymology
Many native Tagalog words are homographs, which may derive from different ways, so there may be multiple "Etymology" headers

[Part of speech]
Tagalog descends from Old Tagalog, but is treated in Wiktionary as Tagalog written in baybayin and as an etymology-only language. Going further, Tagalog descends from Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, and Proto-Austronesian, which is not attested, but reconstructed from evidence on related languages.

Tagalog words may derive from these methods:


 * Words formed from affixes
 * Compounds and blends
 * Borrowings and inheritance
 * Neologisms

Affixed words
The origin of Tagalog words formed by adding affixes can be added using affix (abbreviated af), which is preferred over the older templates prefix and suffix. For infixes, use infix. For example:


 * - tl
 * - tl
 * - tl
 * - tl

Compounds and blends
Words that are compounds and blends can be specified using the af and blend templates. For example:


 * - tl
 * - tl

Loanwords and inherited terms
Tagalog words that are inherited or borrowed fall in three major categories: inherited terms (from Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, and Proto-Austronesian), early borrowings (from Sanskrit, Malay, Arabic, Chinese, Tamil), and modern borrowings (from Spanish, English and others, including borrowings from early modern Spanish). In detail:


 * Inherited terms - terms inherited from the reconstructed ancestors of Tagalog: Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, and Proto-Austronesian. Words from those are tagged with inh. Some entries may refer to Proto-Central Philippine, but this proto-language is not yet supported by Wiktionary.
 * Early borrowings - terms borrowed before any institution of Spanish rule. This include borrowings from Hokkien and Classical Malay (which also gives words that can be traced to Sanskrit, Arabic, or Persian), and there are some early borrowings from other Philippine languages as well (most notably Kapampangan and Visayan languages). These should be tagged with der (for Sanskrit, Classical Malay) or bor (for all others, unless borrowed via an intermediate language like Classical Malay or Kawi).
 * Modern borrowings - terms borrowed since Western contact and colonization, and modern Philippine history. Words were borrowed from Spanish since Spanish colonization, English since American colonization, and other languages from different times in history and contacts with other cultures. There were also borrowing from other Philippine languages to fill lexical gaps, or as slang. Early Spanish borrowings, especially from early modern Spanish, are usually corrupted as they were borrowed into Tagalog. Words borrowed since the 16th century are generally indicated with bor.

Spanish or English in origin? This is a perennial question encountered when dealing with modern Tagalog borrowings of Latinate origin where the etymon can either be English or Spanish. This is due to several factors:


 * Historical ignorance about Spanish. Contrary to claims Spanish becoming extinct after the Spanish-American War, Spanish continued to exist in the Philippines, as a de facto and de jure official language up to around 1987, when it was relegated to an auxiliary or optional language. Spanish was a second languages for learned Filipinos during the American era, until English was introduced into the educational system of that time; most fluent Filipino Spanish-language speakers died out by the end of World War II. Tagalog received Spanish loanwords during the American era to translate concepts introduced at that era or to add a Hispanic flavor to the language. Spanish being also called Kastila (Castilian), when used in the restricted sense of "Spanish language spoken in Spain", also contributes to this myth.
 * Similarity in English and Spanish vocabularies. Both Spanish and English have similar vocabularies due to borrowings from Latin and coinages from classical roots. Filipinos who are not well aware of Spanish may tend to view most Spanish loans which have a English cognate to be just "Hispanized" English.
 * The purist-modernist controversy that plagued Tagalog during its early stage as national language. In an attempt to translate newer concepts into Tagalog, there were two competing camps in Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, purists and modernists. Purists preferred coining new words from existing Tagalog or indigenous roots, and modernists preferred borrowing from other languages (usually Spanish). At that era came an influx of Spanish loanwords (excluding pseudo-loans), competing with indigenous coinages, but as knowledge of Spanish decreased, Filipinos who came of age that time began to falsely assume the new Spanish loanwords were just being formed out of the English when what was actually happening is that the English is translated into Spanish and the translation is borrowed.

KWF guidance makes it clear Spanish remains the preferred source of modern borrowings. Spanish remains a common source of enrichment for Tagalog (and most Philippine languages too), in a similar position Latin is to English, and Spanish terms continue to trickle into the language. Most Spanish borrowings in Tagalog should be readily obvious, but for others, consulting an English-Spanish translating dictionary is needed. Such guidance is also helpful in finding pseudo-loans (explained below).

Pseudo-Hispanisms. Editors should be aware about siyokoy words (pseudo-loans from Spanish or pseudo-Hispanisms); such words mostly began appearing after World War II as the number of fluent Spanish-speaking Filipinos declined. Tagalog pseudo-Hispanisms fall under three common forms:


 * False Spanish: (e.g. (created by analogy with words like ; actual Spanish is, which is borrowed as )
 * English-Spanish hybrids, usually created by replacing an English morpheme (usually Latin- or Greek-derived suffixes) with its equivalent Spanish or adding final vowels that are typical of Spanish loans: (e.g. by swapping English  with Spanish,  by swapping English  with Spanish ,  by swapping English  with Spanish , and  by adding a final O to English )
 * Coinages from Spanish elements where the claimed Spanish doesn't exists or has a very different meaning (e.g., which is "garbage collector" in Tagalog but "garbage dump" in Spanish; is analyzed as +)

According to the Manwal, English borrowings that are pronounced like as if they are Spanish are also treated as pseudo-Hispanisms, but such can be better explained as isms. Examples are certain English borrowings with a final consonant (usually L) where they have been borrowed into Tagalog with ultimate stress as if they are Spanish (which does stress words in the ultimate when ending in consonants except N or S, and no accents are provided elsewhere), as well as some English borrowings spelled with LL, re-read as Spanish LL and rendered as /lj/ (e.g., ).

Pseudo-Hispanic words or forms are usually excluded from KWF Diksiyonaryo in favor of existing native words of the same meaning or actual Spanish loans, but as Wiktionary is a descriptive work, these are covered as well. Such terms should be easy to filter out by consulting an English-Spanish translating dictionary.

Adding to that, there is another category of Spanish-sounding words which are Tagalog coinages, created by adding a Spanish-derived suffix to another Spanish loanword to experiment with translating English or cover another aspect of the word or sense being borrowed. Some of these words have been treated the same as pseudo-loans, or as affixed forms (either as actual etymology or surface analysis).

Etymologies of Spanish pseudo-loans should generally explain how it was coined and/or what influenced it. In the case of English-Spanish hybrids, the original English should be specified. Spanish pseudo-loans can also be explicitly tagged with pseudo-loan, or categorized manually by adding below the entry.

Other ways of foreign derivation
In some other cases, Tagalog terms can be calques (loan translations) and semantic loans. Phono-semantic matchings are rare.


 * Calque. A foreign expression is borrowed into Tagalog by translating its parts, e.g. from English . calque is used in such words.
 * Semantic loan. One of the senses is borrowed into Tagalog from another word with similar meaning, e.g., in the sense "period in office", is semantically borrowed from English . semantic loan is used in such cases.

Pronunciation
See Tagalog phonology and IPA for Tagalog for detailed information about the sounds of Tagalog.

IPA transcriptions of Tagalog can be created automatically through tl-IPA template or entered manually using IPA. Pronunciations specific to certain Tagalog accents or dialects are marked with a before the IPA transcription, e.g. Batangas dialect pronunciations are marked Batangas. The pronunciation provided is assumed to be the standard unless marked.

Hyphenations of words should generally follow KWF guidelines; see Appendix:Tagalog spellings. In general, Tagalog words are hyphenated by syllable.

Core
Tagalog entries can have these headers:


 * Part of speech: Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Contraction, Interjection, Noun, Numeral, Particle, Pronoun, Proper noun, Verb
 * Morphological features: Circumfix, Infix, Prefix, Suffix
 * Symbols and characters: Diacritical mark, Letter, Number, Punctuation mark, Symbol
 * Phrases: Phrase, Prepositional phrase, Proverb

Headwords should preferably use standard templates using Module:tl-headword as back-end. Accented forms as a pronunciation guide, which are helpful to distinguish homographs, and Baybayin forms, are generally inserted there.


 * Adjectives: tl-adj
 * Adverbs: tl-adv
 * Nouns: tl-noun
 * Proper nouns: tl-proper noun
 * Verbs: tl-verb
 * Other parts of speech: tl-head

Diacritics
Diacritics are normally not used in written Tagalog, but are used for headwords in most Tagalog dictionaries to distinguish homographs. If no diacritics are provided, the word is assumed to be stressed in the second to last syllable.

Tagalog uses stress and/or final glottal stops to distinguish homographs, and is represented by marking a vowel with an:


 * acute: primary or secondary stress, except on the second-to-final syllable.
 * circumfix: primary stress and final glottal stop on last syllable.
 * grave: final glottal stop

These diacritics are also used to determine the pronunciation generated by tl-IPA.

In historical dictionaries (like the Diccionario de terminos comunes tagalo-hispano), the circumfix and the grave are often interchanged.

Labels
Dialectal, archaic or obsolete entries or senses should be marked.

Conjugation/inflection
Place here verb or adjective conjugation or inflection tables (find at Category:Tagalog verb inflection-table templates), and inflections of ma- adjectives (see tl-infl-adj).

Derived terms
List here the words that are morphological derivatives of the word in the same language. In Tagalog, affixed words (salitang maylapi) and compound words (salitang tambalan) that are lemma are considered derived terms. These section is usually found on nouns or adjectives that serve as the root of many other words.

Related terms
List here words that are etymologically related but are not derived words.

Inflected forms
In Tagalog, verb forms inflected by aspect, and plural form of adjectives (i.e most reduplicated forms of simple adjectives, and partially reduplicated forms of ma- adjectives) are non-lemmas. Entries for those are formatted as follows, and are soft redirects to the lemma forms.

Historical, alternative, superseded or nonstandard spellings
Tagalog has undergone spelling reforms, which results to multiple spellings of the same word throughout history. Entries to historical, alternative, superseded or nonstandard spellings do not have any definitions, and serve as a soft redirect to the modern form. Baybayin forms are also considered alternate forms.

Example for :

Particle


Example for

Nouns
Use tl-noun for the headword. There are no special parameters to add for nouns, except for the accented form used to aid in pronunciation.

Proper nouns
Use tl-proper noun for the headword. There are no special parameters to add for proper nouns.

Verbs
Use tl-verb for the headword. The headword should also include the three basic aspects of the verb and the verb type[s]. See Template:tl-verb/documentation for all the list of possible verb types. Verb entries generally should include a conjugation section, with an appropriate conjugation table template (e.g. tl-conj, or templates for each individual conjugation such as tl-infl-um, tl-infl-in, etc.).

An example for :

Verb

 * 1) to stand

Adjectives
Tagalog adjectives may belong to:


 * passive adjectives (root word, but with stress on last syllable)
 * ma- adjectives ( plus root word)
 * all other adjectives (compound adjectives, proper adjectives)

There is no support yet to add forms by degree of comparison, but since there are lots of forms per degree, they can better be added in an inflection box.

Particles
Tagalog particles, such as, , , and , should use tl-head as headword.

About the language
Tagalog is an Austronesian language, and one of the Philippine languages. It is a Central Philippine language, and is closely related to the Bikol languages (Bikol Central, Iriga Bicolano/Rinconada) and the Visayan languages (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Aklanon, etc.) Its standardized form, Filipino, is based on the Tagalog dialects spoken in Manila and Central Luzon, and serves as the national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines (the second being English). Filipino was intended to be a autonomous standard variety of Tagalog enriched with borrowings from the Philippine regional languages in addition to Spanish, English and other foreign languages, but this effort has stalled.

There is no comprehensive dialectology for Tagalog, but it is generally divided into these dialects:


 * Manila (standard)
 * Central Luzon (Bulacan, Bataan, Nueva Ecija)
 * Lubang Island
 * Marinduque
 * Southern Tagalog (Batangas, Tayabas)
 * Rizal-Laguna (including Teresa-Morong)

From the beginning of Wiktionary to around 2011, Filipino is treated as a separate language from Tagalog, but since the two are basically the same language in vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar, the former has been merged.

Categories
Words are correctly categorized under their respective part of speech, generated by the head template.
 * Category:Tagalog language - the root of all Tagalog entries


 * Part of speech categories:
 * Category:Tagalog nouns
 * Category:Tagalog proper nouns
 * Category:Tagalog verbs
 * Category:Tagalog adjectives
 * Category:Tagalog adverbs
 * Category:Tagalog prefixes
 * Category:Tagalog infixes
 * Category:Tagalog suffixes
 * Category:Tagalog circumfixes
 * Category:Tagalog interfixes
 * Category:Tagalog interjections
 * Category:Tagalog conjunctions
 * Category:Tagalog prepositions
 * Category:Tagalog phrasebook - for common expressions, like maraming salamat and walang anuman, helpful for foreign travelers.
 * Category:Tagalog proverbs
 * Category:Tagalog idioms - for common Tagalog idiomatic expressions
 * Category:Tagalog onomatopoeias - for words imitating sounds
 * Category:Tagalog terms by usage - for words by usage

For requested entries: see Requested entries (Tagalog).

Translations
As general practice, translations to Tagalog should link to lemmas. Baybayin forms or alternative/nonstandard spellings do not get listed, with exceptions. Translations should generally be ordered by their commonality, and marked for specific usage if applicable.

Translations of English verbs should list all possible forms, marked and arranged for their conjugation type (actor, object, directional, etc.). If there is only one translation, they don't need to be marked.

Resources

 * KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino (2021), Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF). Lists Tagalog entries only. Reference template: R:KWF Diksiyonaryo
 * Diksiyonaryo.ph | Pambansang Diksiyonaryo (2018) by the University of the Philippines' Sentro ng Wikang Filipino (SWF). Most entries should preferably have a link to Diksiyonaryo.ph in the “References” or “Further reading” section by adding R:Pambansang Diksiyonaryo. Further notes:
 * Etymologies are provided in brackets.
 * Part of speech (abbreviated) is marked in Tagalog. Labels used are:
 * pdd (padamdam) - exclamation
 * pnb (pang-abay) - adverb. Some adverbs under the Diksiyonaryo falls under the category of particles instead (e.g., )
 * pnd (pandiwa) - verb
 * png (pangngalan) - noun
 * pnh (panghalip) - pronoun
 * pnk (pang-angkop) - ligature
 * pnu (pang-ukol) - preposition
 * pnr (pang-uri) - adjective
 * pnt (pangatnig) - conjunction
 * pnl (panlapi) - affix; prefix; suffix; circumfix; infix
 * ptk (pantukoy) - article; determiner
 * Verbs lemmas are roots, with all known affixed forms non-lemma.
 * Diksiyonaryo.ph also list words in the other languages of the Philippines, as well as English, Chinese (any dialects, romanized) and Old Tagalog, and are clearly marked as such. Abbreviations of each language used are:
 * Abaknon (Abk)
 * Abyan (Aby)
 * Agta/Aeta/Ayta (Agt)
 * Agutayanen (Agu)
 * Aklanon (Akl)
 * Agusanon-Manobo (AM)
 * Ata (Ata)
 * Apayaw (Apa)
 * Arabe/Arabic (Ara)
 * Ayta-Magbubukun (Ayt Mbk)
 * Ayta-Magbubukun (Ayt-Mbk)
 * Ayta-Magkunana (Ayt Mgk)
 * Ayta-Magkunana (Ayt-Mgk)
 * Bagobo (Bag)
 * Bajaw/Sama-Badjao (Baj)
 * Balangaw (Bal)
 * Bantoanan (Ban)
 * Bengali/Bangladeshi Bengali (Ben)
 * Bago Igorot (Bgo)
 * Bikol (Bik)
 * Bilaan (Bil)
 * Bisaya (Bis, generally the same as Cebuano)
 * Bontok (Bon)
 * Batak (Btk)
 * Buhid (Buh)
 * Bukidnon (Buk)
 * Buntuanon (Bun)
 * Chabacano/Chavacano (Cha)
 * Tsino/Chinese (Chi)
 * Cuyonen (Cuy)
 * Espanyol/Spanish (Esp))
 * Filipino/Modern Tagalog (Fil)
 * French (Fre)
 * German (Ger)
 * Griyego/Greek (Gri)
 * Hanunuo (Han)
 * Jewish Hebrew (Heb)
 * Higa-onon (Hgn)
 * Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (Hil)
 * Hindi/Indian (Hin)
 * Ibanag (Iba)
 * Ibaloy (Iby)
 * Ifugaw (Ifu)
 * Igorot (Igo)
 * Iloko (Ilk)
 * Ilongot (Ilt)
 * Ingles/English (Ing)
 * Isneg (Isn)
 * Italian (Ita)
 * Itneg (Itn)
 * Ivatan (Iva)
 * Japanese (Jap)
 * Jama Mapun (JM)
 * Kalinga (Kal)
 * Kankaney (Kan)
 * Kalagan (Klg)
 * Kapampangan (Kap)
 * Karaw (Kar)
 * Koreano/Korean (Kor)
 * Latin (Lat)
 * Maguindanao (Mag)
 * Malay (Mal)
 * Mangyan (Man)
 * Mexican/Aztec Nahuatl (Mex)
 * Mangguangan (Mgn)
 * Mamanwa (Mmw)
 * Mandaya (Mnd)
 * Manobo Agusan (Mnb Agu)
 * Manobo Cotobato (Mnb Cot)
 * Manobo (Mnb)
 * Mansaka (Mns)
 * Misamis Occidental (MOc)
 * Maranaw (Mrw)
 * Norwego/Norwegian (Nor)
 * Palawan (Pal)
 * Pangasinan/Pangasinense (Pan)
 * Portuguese (Por)
 * Rombloanon (Rom)
 * Ruso/Russian (Rus)
 * Sanskrit (San)
 * Sulod (Sld)
 * Sebwano/Cebuano (Seb)
 * Samal (Sma)
 * Sanskrit (Snk)
 * Subanon (Sub)
 * Swahili (Swa)
 * Tagalog/Classical Tagalog (Tag)
 * Sinaunang Tagalog/Old Tagalog (ST)
 * Tagbanwa (Tbw)
 * Tausug (Tau)
 * Tboli (Tbo)
 * Teduray/Tiruray (Ted)
 * Tagakawlo (Tgk)
 * Thai (Tha)
 * Tibetan (Tib)
 * Tinggian (Tin)
 * Tiruray (Tir)
 * Tsino/Chinese (Tsi)
 * Tuaran Dusun (Tua-Dus)
 * Turkish (Tur)
 * Waray (War)
 * Yakan (Yak)
 * Zambal (Zam)
 * Tagalog Pinoy Dictionary (reference or further reading template: R:tl:Pinoy Dictionary), Tagalog-English dictionary maintained by Cyberspace.ph, which also has dictionaries for Cebuano (Cebuano-English, ), Hiligaynon (Hiligaynon-English), and Ilocano (English-Ilocano). More extensive than the KWF Diksiyonaryo, as it lists almost every affixed word formed from most noun and adjective roots, but lacks etymologies and doesn't use accents.
 * Jose Villa Panganiban, Diksiyunaryo-tesauro Pilipino-Ingles (1973) (reference template: R:Diksiyunaryo-tesauro Pilipino-Ingles)
 * Vocabulario de la lengua tagala.
 * 1835 edition (Tagalog-Spanish dictionary. public domain). (Citation: R:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala)
 * 1860 edition - Tagalog words listed first (Citation: R:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 1860).
 * Diccionario Hispano-tagalo - Spanish-Tagalog dictionary by Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Citation: R:Diccionario hispano-tagalo). Handy for finding Spanish loanwords.
 * Vocabulario tagalo-castellano - Tagalog-Spanish phrasebook (Citation: R:Vocabulario tagalo-castellano)
 * Talinghagang Bukambibig (1999), a monolingual list of common Tagalog idioms and some slang. Citation: R:Talinghagang bukambibig
 * Full texts of major Tagalog works of literature. You can find some that are in the public domain on Wikibooks or Wikisource, but many are incomplete, filled with unnecessary commentary or vandalism, or unmaintained. Finding them on a textbook is recommended, but the quote should date to the original time they are written or translated.:
 * Florante at Laura
 * Ibong Adarna
 * Noli me Tangere
 * El filibusterismo