Wiktionary:About Votic/sandbox

The aim of this page is to explain the norms used in Votic language entries. It is intended to complement, not supersede, WT:CFI and WT:ELE.

About
Votic belongs to the Finnic languages group, which belongs to the Uralic languages group. It is nearly extinct, having only a few speakers remaining.

Orthography
As Votic is almost extinct, it is not often written down. Different conventions exist, and a semi-standard form has arisen, although even then there is no universal spelling. Wiktionary's spelling conventions for Votic are largely based onVadʹdʹa sõnakopittõja (the chosen characters on the 2015 edition and word forms on the 2017 edition), with some minor differences.


 * The main reference dialect is that of Luutsa-Liivtšülä, and secondarily also Jõgõperä (in case of differences in lemma forms, the former is preferred).
 * The back-vowel counterpart of ⟨e⟩ is indicated as ⟨õ⟩ as in Estonian and Võro.
 * The front-vowel counterpart of ⟨u⟩ is indicated as ⟨ü⟩ as in Estonian (not ⟨y⟩ as in Finnish).
 * Reduced short ⟨a⟩ is written as ⟨õ⟩ and a reduced short ⟨ä⟩ as ⟨e⟩. Reduced long ⟨aa⟩ and ⟨ää⟩ shorten to ⟨a⟩ and ⟨ä⟩. Note that Vadja keele sõnaraamat does not reduce vowels in their lemmas for the most part, while Wiktionary does. See the Reduced vowels section.
 * Palatalisation is indicated with ⟨ʹ⟩ (MODIFIER LETTER PRIME, U+02B9) after the letter. In case of geminated consonants, it is written after both consonants: vadʹdʹa. Palatalized ⟨z⟩ is written ⟨zʹ⟩ instead of ⟨ź⟩ as in Vadʹdʹa sõnakopittõja.
 * The letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨č⟩ are not used; the postalveolar affricate is indicated as ⟨tš⟩. Its geminated form is ⟨ttš⟩ (likewise, the geminated form of ⟨ts⟩ is ⟨tts⟩).
 * Semivoiced consonants are written as voiced; is ⟨d⟩.
 * ⟨š⟩ and ⟨ž⟩ is used for and  respectively.
 * ⟨oo⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ are distinguished when possible, based on data from Jõgõperä.
 * The main spelling for nominals in which the final ⟨i⟩ may be dropped includes it. The form without ⟨i⟩ is considered an alternative form.

Orthographical differences from VKS
Some of the notable differences between VKS and Wiktionary orthography include:
 * Vowel reduction: VKS lemmas do not include vowel reduction at all, while Wiktionary lemmas do. The general rule (not always correct, so one must use discretion) to apply vowel reductions to nominal, verb and adverb lemmas is as follows (applies only to lemmas and concerns spelling rather than exact pronunciation):
 * Only non-stressed vowels (on even syllables and the final syllable) get reduced. In monosyllabic words, reduction never occurs (as the final vowel is stressed).
 * A vowel is not reduced if the preceding syllable is both stressed and light (ends in a single short vowel, as opposed to a diphthong, long vowel or a consonant).
 * The following reductions apply:
 * Short ⟨a⟩ gets reduced to ⟨õ⟩ and short ⟨ä⟩ to ⟨e⟩.
 * Long vowels are shortened.
 * Reduction of other vowels is not indicated in the orthography.
 * Examples of reductions: ⟨kana⟩ &rarr;, ⟨jalka⟩ &rarr; , ⟨matala⟩ &rarr; , ⟨mennä⟩ &rarr;.
 * Semivoiced consonants use small caps on VKS, but the corresponding lowercase voiced plosive character on Wiktionary.
 * VKS prefers "conservative" Western Votic lemmas, while Wiktionary uses Luutsa-Liivtšülä or Jõgõperä as appropriate.

Alternative forms
Wiktionary also allows spellings that do not follow these rules. Any spelling variants should be included with, and link back to Wiktionary's standard spelling. If different forms also represent a different pronunciation, then use instead.

Votic uses these letters:

The standard inflection templates can only handle standard spellings. Separate inflection templates may exist for variants.

Etymology
Most words in Votic have either known relatives in the other Finnic languages, or are derived from Russian. Care must be taken, however: there is an abundance of words in Votic which have been borrowed form either Ingrian or from Ingrian Finnish. A notable example is, contrasting with native. In particular, this includes almost all words beginning with h- (lost in native vocabulary) or containing the combinations ke, ki, kü, kä, kö (evolving to tše, tši, tšü, tšä, tšö in native vocabulary). Major reference works on the etymology of Estonian and Finnish usually indicate cases like these.

Resources

 * (note the Orthographical differences from VKS section)
 * (note the Orthographical differences from VKS section)
 * (note the Orthographical differences from VKS section)