Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2020/July

as best one can
How'd as best one can come to be? --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:35, 2 July 2020 (UTC)


 * it's a now-obsolete order of as one can best, i.e. "in the way that one can best", or "in the way that allows one to ... best". --ColinFine (talk) 22:32, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

dalle (Spanish)
RFV of the etymology. I can't find evidence for any Latin word, and even if it did exist, I wouldn't expect it to become in Spanish. Even a with a short u (which is to be expected since  is a highly productive suffix in Latin) wouldn't become, it would become  or maybe. —Mahāgaja · talk 23:04, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I was able to find a few sources citing and have added them. Seems that the Spanish word was borrowed through Occitan or Catalan, though. DJ K-Çel (talk) 06:13, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding those! The DLE however marks the u with a breve, not a macron, confirming that it's short. —Mahāgaja · talk 06:19, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * To state the obvious: Cp. uncertain dagger s.v. The semantic divide can be bridged, of course, but Dacian being largely unknown is an unsolvable problem. 109.41.3.82 19:09, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, DJ K-Çel and Mahāgaja. Is it worth mentioning the Occitan in the entry (as well as )? I have also found a few more sources. On pp. 169–170 of Language and Linguistic Contact in Ancient Sicily (2012, edited by Olga Tribulato), Oliver Simkin has relevant discussion, in which he says that the "easiest reconstruction is a protoform *dʰalklo-, with loss of the first -l- in daculum and dissimilation to -n- in fancla and Zancle", and that "Late Latin daculum 'sickle, scythe' [is] [w]idely attested in Romance as French daille, Catalan dalla, Gascon dalh, Bearnaise dalha etc.; see Meyer-Lübke (1972: 229), Agud and Tovar (1990: 617)." Following those sources, we have Meyer-Lübke's entry *daculum in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1911) and Agud and Tovar's entry  in Materiales para un Diccionario Etimológico de la Lengua Vasca VIII. Simkin also cites J. B. Trumper (2005), a version of which is here (see PDF pp. 19–20). Trumper also mentions the attestation, "Gladium, ensem, telum, mucronem, sicam, daculum", which is in Paolo Gatti's Synonyma Ciceronis ( 'Arba', 'humus' ) (1993). --Thrasymedes (talk) 20:01, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Glyph origin of 實
Currently it reads:


 * Ideogrammic compound : (“roof”) +  (“carved jade”) +  (“shellfish; cowrie”).

Looking at this page from 字形演變 @ 小學堂, chiefly the bronze-script attestation, it appears to my eyes as ⿳宀周鼎 or ⿱[⿵宀周]鼎, where  is the one that resembles  with a dot in each quadrant, and  a (miniature) caldron.



My questions:


 * Why is the 周 component glossed as "carved jade"? Naïvely I suppose "thorough; complete" would have been a more relevant gloss.
 * Is 鼎 or 貝 the better transcription of the bottom component?
 * If the current Glyph origin is indeed a reasonable one, can we find verifiable citation?

--Frigoris (talk) 20:18, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

lwa
The etymology here is unsourced. Wikipedia cites a source for a different etymology. Namely, it says that it derives from French. I'd like to see if anyone else has insight before I change it to match Wikipedia. Smashhoof (Talk · Contributions) 02:45, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * WP's etymology seems more likely given that r > l doesn't seem to be a sound change of Haitian Creole. The word for 'king' is /. —Mahāgaja · talk 05:46, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Mufwene says it's from 🇨🇬, which makes more sense than any suggestion based on French. But we should admit that the etymology is uncertain. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:43, 6 July 2020 (UTC)


 * I'm curious, what would account for the accented (presumably stressed?) medial in the given Yoruba etymon reducing so much?  That seems unlikely somehow, though I confess I don't know the particulars of Haitian Creole.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 16:36, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The acute accent marks tone, although it is my understanding that that syllable is also the stressed one in this word (though stress is less salient than in English). Anyway, this kind of phonetic erosion is quite unremarkable given the social context. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 18:37, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Any chance this was influenced by the phonetics of ?  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 18:51, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Why would it be? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 19:10, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I've run into the etymology theory before outside of our entry, and I was curious if that might be one possible explanation for the vowel erosion.  However, I see now that the definite article in Haitian Creole comes after the noun, making this much less likely of an influence.  Cheers, ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 20:23, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

snob
RFV of the etymology, added by an IP. – Jberkel 08:52, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Even if it could be sourced as one might hope, it would still be one of many speculative theories (Anatoli Liberman has blogged about these). This particular theory sounds like Fornication Under Consent of the King or Orl Korrekt. The latter has some evidence in its favour, at least. 109.41.3.82 19:16, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, found the Liberman post, I'll add it as reference point. – Jberkel 07:34, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

cutwal / katwal / kuthwal < کوتوال ?
The entries for 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 /, 🇨🇬, are all deriving from 🇨🇬, but the Persian word itself is apparently a borrowing from either Indic or Turkic languages. The word was apparently borrowed into Persian by the early military. --Z 09:21, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't be sure about the Turkic derivation, 🇨🇬 is a very well attested Sanskrit word and the 🇨🇬 is directly rom Sanskrit not Persian. Gotitbro (talk) 09:30, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Icelandic and northern italian dialects
The icelandic word rusl (for garbage) has a cognate word in northern italian dialects (Piedmontese and Lombard, chiefly), rus or rüs, probaly derived from ancient Langobards or Longobards, a germanic tribe who ruled northern Italy in medieval age. Other variants of the name are ruda, rüff and similar around Milan. Another example is fé, icelandic for cattle, in some valleys in Piedmont feja means sheep or generic for domestic livestocks.

what language is this?
Does anyone know exactly what language the book Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians by David Zeisberger is about? 173.49.113.77 18:57, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The two Lenape languages, Munsee and Unami. —Mahāgaja · talk 19:23, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

påg
While (Middle) Low German has had a substantial influence on Swedish vocabulary, this word is far more likely to be related to or. The latter theory is supported by the etymology on Swedish Wiktionary. Glades12 (talk) 11:44, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Withdrawn. I made the amateurish mistake of not checking the references first. Glades12 (talk) 11:47, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * : The defense appeals the withdrawing motion and seeks clarification: I don't buy it, yet. Granted, I cannot really read the Ordbok's entry for påk, and a derivation akin to "eng. poke" would depend on the explanation, but if attestation for pojke predates it by a century and matches semantically, there should be room for doubt. After all, we only say "possibly".
 * If there's a Low German comparand that meant "boy, child", we should say so specificly. Otherwise it's unfathomable for the regular user what the ordbok had in mind, IMHO. 109.41.1.197 18:33, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

trophy wife
According to an editor of Wikipedia's page, the term is older than Wiktionary says. For example, https://www.etymonline.com/word/trophy says "attested by 1984". It will take some digging to find out which older uses match the "status symbol" definition. A woman brought back as the spoils of war is different from a woman attracted to wealth. Vox Sciurorum (talk) 20:54, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * But I always thought that the connotation in any case was that the woman was "like a prize" with regard to reflecting the status of the man. So if an elderly man with a lot of money had a young, very attractive wife, it was partially seen as a symbol of status.
 * If some blood-thirsty commander came back to his homeland with a young, attractive woman from a foreign land as his wife to symbolise his victory in that war, is the connotation not nearly identical? In both cases the wife is treated as a "trophy", rather than as a co-equal spouse in their wedlock, no? Moreover, in both cases, might there not be the connotation that if the man were not wealthy/had not been the commander of the victorious army, the woman would not have married him?
 * Am I off base in that perception of the term? Tharthan (talk) 21:52, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * They come from different senses of (3 - prize taken in battle; 4 - a status symbol) and I would preserve that distinction in trophy wife.  Also, a trophy wife (trophy sense 3) is more likely a victim while a trophy wife (trophy sense 4) is more likely a gold digger.  Vox Sciurorum (talk) 23:14, 15 July 2020 (UTC)


 * The Wikipedia paragraph seems mostly useless. "A 1950 issue of The Economist magazine called attention to the practice of victorious warriors marrying beautiful women captured in battle." doesn't actually say they used the phrase "trophy wife". The 1984 claim cites no actual evidence whatsoever. The 1965 reference to Bernie Madoff is quoted in a 2009 publication- what is the actual source? DTLHS (talk) 22:16, 15 July 2020 (UTC)


 * I posted here because I found the Wikipedia page plausible but not leading directly to anything I could cite. I only see a Google Books snippet of the 2009 book so I don't have the citation for the alleged 1965 use.  I theoretically have access to some archives that might help.  (Lexis-Nexis and the like.) Unfortunately getting to them requires fighting with VPNs or temperamental library proxies.  VPNs and I do not get along.  Vox Sciurorum (talk) 23:14, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Google Ngrams confirms an increase of use in 1984, and on Google books there's a cite from 1974: "Wayland, now sixty-five and married to a trophy wife, Amy, twenty years younger ". So the 1989 date we give is definitely wrong. – Jberkel 02:15, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * According to this that book was published in 1996. DTLHS (talk) 02:48, 16 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm yes, it's actually even more recent, supplement 18, published 2009. Sometimes Google's dates are wild guesstimates. – Jberkel 08:07, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

大食 Dàshí < Tāčīk/Tāzīg or tāžīk ?
The entry for the Chinese Dàshí derives it from Middle Persian  (/Tāt͡ʃīk/, late form /Tāzīg/), but Chinese normally derive from other Middle Iranian languages, especially Sogdian. I suppose it could be determined on phonetic grounds, as the Sogdian cognate (as is the case with several other Middle Iranianlanguages, of course) is pronounced with /ʒ/ instead of /t͡ʃ/ or /z/. --Z 11:54, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

Update to etymology of merula
Could someone verify if this update to the etymology of Latin merula by an IP is correct? The change was from to, but our entry defines the latter as "to give birth, beget". Thanks. — SGconlaw (talk) 07:32, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * On the one hand, there are numerous instances of homophony among PIE roots, and we don't always have all possible roots listed, so it's entirely possible that exists without us having an entry for it yet. On the other hand, Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mesalkā says that although the Celtic, Germanic, and Italic words for  are related to each other, there is some doubt as to whether they go back to a PIE root at all, but rather could be a loanword from a substrate language of western Europe. —Mahāgaja · talk 08:27, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * In that case, perhaps the etymology of merula needs updating? — SGconlaw (talk) 08:31, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Probably. I'd say all three etymologies should say the same thing, but if some modern scholars believe it does go back to a PIE root, and others believe it doesn't, then both hypotheses should be mentioned. Matasović refers to a 1997 article by Beekes in , while our entry Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/amslǭ refers to Guus Kroonen's Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic; unfortunately I don't have access to either work to see what exactly they say. —Mahāgaja · talk 08:48, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

γυνή
Where did the -αικ- of the oblique forms come from? —Mahāgaja · talk 18:38, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Beekes recounts that it might be from the adjective, in which case see -icos etc. Also mentione, a verb "to woe", cp. e.g. Ger. Angebetete. 109.41.0.226 07:30, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It is often paralleled with 🇨🇬. See the literature I just added to . --Vahag (talk) 05:17, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Yiddish כאַפּן
Could this be from Old French happer? פֿינצטערניש (Fintsternish), she/her (talk) 01:28, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I added the etymology. The French is just a lookalike. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 01:53, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

Etymology of Londra
What is the etymology of the Italian word for London (Londra)? It does not seem like it is inherited from Londinium or Lundonia. --Soumyabrata (talk • subpages) 14:45, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Romanophile actually already asked almost exactly the same question at Tea room/2020/July. I speculated a possible answer there, and no one else has commented. —Mahāgaja · talk 14:56, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

Can any one advise on how much the technical meaning of this word in Pali grammar owes to Sanskrit? Also, a confirmation that the grammatical constructions are indeed different would be helpful. I thought it would be slam dunk for being a semantic loan from Sanskrit in this sense, but having compared dictionary entries I am no longer so sure. --RichardW57 (talk) 21:43, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

The word shows all the signs of being inherited from Proto-Indian Indic (not to be confused with what the word 'Sanskrit' means in British or American English), and I have recorded it as such. I should probably made some effort to show how it may have been regularly redundantly regenerated in Pali. --RichardW57 (talk) 21:43, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

nitchie
The term niijii is sourced here in the Ojibwe People's Dictionary. However, the OPD shows the original term as niijikiwenh, not niikkaaniss. SteveGat (talk) 17:17, 23 July 2020 (UTC)


 * Revised. - -sche (discuss) 04:04, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

siscowet
The French etymology is attested, but the sources of the Ojibwe siscowet look like folk etymology, and don't match the gloss cooks itself which should end with something like -dizo. For what its worth, i may have found the origin of the claim here, on p. 467. In a letter dated October 19, 1880, Robert Ormsby Sweeny claims that "the name 'sis-ko-wet' is an Ojibewa word, and means literally 'cooks itself.'" SteveGat (talk) 18:56, 23 July 2020 (UTC)


 * I revised it somewhat to give the etymology I see in modern English sources, "oily-meat fish", although in a very brief search I was only able to find the first of the two claimed elements in an Ojibwe dictionary. - -sche (discuss) 04:16, 24 July 2020 (UTC)


 * Thanks for doing that. I edited to add the fish meat and incorporating final elements. An even clearer source for that etymology can be found, apparently, in the 5th edition of the American Heritage dictionary. I found a reference on thefreedictionary.com, but don't have the original. That said, i find the pemitewiskawet/bemidewiskawed etymology ... fishy. Where did the bimide part go?
 * Another potential etymology would be *iskiskawed (it has "boiling-down" fish meat): isk- + i + -skaw- + -e + -d, which gets us closer to the purported "it cooks itself," but there seems to be no support for that from any authority that i can find. SteveGat (talk) 17:22, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

βρέμω
RFV of the etymology. The only way βρέμω could be descended from bʰrem- is if it was borrowed from some language in which bʰ became b. If it were a native inheritance it would of course begin with φ. The page Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrem- doesn't mention this word as a descendant. —Mahāgaja · talk 20:21, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Beekes does not call it not pre-Greek, notes the comparison *bhrem, finds it irregular as well and that--barely surprising--"Therefore it is rather an onomatopoetic word". The barbar etymology--or:myth, as I'd rather say in disbelieve--suggests that br- was found overall peculiar by Greeks, understandably, if 'β-ρ' was a more gently /v-r/.


 * The entry subsumes bronte without explanation for the derivative, like we do, points to blemeaino for Homer's bremeainon and surmizes that -nt- denoted thunder, whereas the forms without t go for droning sounds in general.

<!--:: For apparent onomatopeia I compare further Geräusch, drum and trump-ette, strum (also Drempel, strumm, Strumpf--stramm, Strampler, strampeln, trampeln, zertrümmern, treten--streifen--tumble, slumber, schlendern, stromern, roam, treiben, Tauber--schleifen, sleave, loop), rum(p)sen, rammen, rumpeln, rumble, Rummel, bumsen, boom, bam-wham, bump, rülpsen "to burp", raue Stimme ~ brankos "harsh, raspy (voice)" (rau, "wie ein Reib-Eisen"?), brüllen, raunen, raunzen, rufen, rummoren "growl (of the stommach), not to be confused with rum- "(he)rum" ... I keep rambling, but that's the rap. Note, we might observe pre-Greek dr- ~ βρ- eg. for ... (I'm not re-reading all entries just to find I misremembered).!->>
 * There are a couple dozen entries under βρ-, only five of which with PIE etymology, from *gw-r- and *m-r-, two more "IE?"; the rest is loans, pre-Greek, wholy uncertain--even bra "brother" ("?")--or indeed ONOM (five times total, six if counting bronte pointing to brema, the other four are: brekekekeks "imitation of the sound of frogs"; bressein "to bleat, cough", brun in brun eipein "call for drink" of small children", also brullon hypopinon "drinking a little"; bruxaomai, perf. bebruxos "to roar, bellow"). bressein suggests r for l or d. brema is further mentioned in other entries for disambiguation, e.g. brimo "roaring" ("pre-Greek"). The crossreferences and phonologic hypothesis are overall quite many in these pages, given that uncertainty forbids simple grouping under derivatives. Next up are buon (ONOM) and byblos'' ("PG"; doubting our etymology), in the alphabetical order.


 * 109.41.3.23 01:21, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

mackinaw
The proposed etymology (actually for Michilimackinac) seems unsupported. A more likely one would be mishi-mikinaak (giant turtle), which is suggested here and here. See another discussion here.

Ojibwe
The reference to Outchibouec is supported, as that is how the Jesuits wrote the term. The "pucker" source also seems supported here, but without details. I can't, however, find any reference to an ethnonymic prefix at all in Ojibwe (o- can mean they or their in certain contexts), and the cook and roast morphemes don't actually fit the morphology. At the same time, jiibw- does mean pointed and jiibwegin (fold to a point, cf. pucker?) certainly is closer than what is written here. There has to be some more solid documentation of such an important word, but i haven't been able to find it. SteveGat (talk) 03:16, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Pinging, who has worked with Algonquian languages. Chuck Entz (talk) 03:56, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I overhauled the etymology, giving the basic agreed-upon details first (when it entered English, and that it seems to have originally referred to just one band), and then the two most common/supported theories, that it relates either to the word for "puckering" [moccasins] or (less likely) to "writing". I added a sampling of other, less-likely / less-supported theories, picking ones I saw mentioned in multiple works; there are numerous others (e.g. some people have theorized it is connected to ). - -sche (discuss) 05:01, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

aid
When did aid come into any stage of English, under any spelling? It is in English in 1612 as ayde (see citation at and elsewhere) so possibly it was borrowed into Middle English. I changed the etymology to say derived from Middle French instead of borrowed from (modern) French. Vox Sciurorum (talk) 12:50, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The Online Etymology Dictionary dates the verb to ca. 1400 and the noun to the early 15th century (i.e. about the same time), so yes, I'd say it was borrowed into Middle English. —Mahāgaja · talk 20:21, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Etymology 1 has been updated. Leasnam (talk) 14:50, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Latin plurals in English
Are there any 4th declension Latin nouns in English, and if so, what is the plural? Dngweh2s (talk) 15:28, 25 July 2020 (UTC)


 * There are several,,  for two. I suspect both of these have appeared on occasion with analogical plurals "stati", "prospecti", but as far as I know the plural is "statuses" etc. Our entries show "statūs" and "prospectus" (without macron) as alternatives, but I doubt many people would understand. --ColinFine (talk) 21:53, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Substrate word in Cantonese subdialects
🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 are from, the tone B of which corresponds to the departing tone in Chinese. Are the aforementioned words indeed Tai-Kadai substrate words? RcAlex36 (talk) 03:31, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Several Cantonese subdialects appear have a substrate word for the sense "tired" that is cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. These are:
 * Zhongshan nai33 (in the merged 去聲 departing tone)
 * Zhuhai nai33 (in the merged 去聲 departing tone)
 * Yangjiang nɔi24 (in 陰去 dark departing tone)
 * Fengkai (Nanfeng) nœ433 (in 陰去 dark departing tone)
 * Xinxing nai44 (in 陰去 dark departing tone)
 * Mengshan (Xihe) nuai44 (in 陰去 dark departing tone)
 * It looks pretty plausible, especially with the clear tone correspondence. In terms of character choice, I can only find 苶 in 广东阳江方言研究. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 03:57, 26 July 2020 (UTC)


 * I encountered this margin (blank page?) note a while back in this copy of A Vocabulary with Colloquial Phrases of the Canton Dialect:
 * Are you tired or not? nai m nai 疓唔疓 —Suzukaze-c (talk) 04:04, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Also appears as 疓꜅ in Williams' Tonic Dictionary. —Suzukaze-c (talk) 04:09, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Interesting, but this means it's in 陽去 instead of 陰去.
 * True. But with all your other data, it might be a misprint. —Suzukaze-c (talk) 05:32, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I looked around for more. I just checked 珠江三角洲方言詞彙對照 and it writes it as 儽 (should've checked earlier). It's also used in Taishanese per this dictionary (/nai33/, in the merged 陰平+陰去 tone, no character given though). Chalmers and Dealy's English and Cantonese dictionary seems to have 陰去 under the entry for "tired": 癐𤵜哋 (and it varies with 陰平). — justin(r)leung { (t...) 06:37, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Is the reduplicated syllable in Cantonese 攰癩癩 (gui6 laai4 laai4) related? (or c.f. 軟癩癩?) RcAlex36 (talk) 06:41, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I've thought of that as well, but I'd be conservative about connecting it with the n- words listed here. Most sources have l- in Guangdong, which would not be a perfect match. I will note that 廣州方言詞典 records gui6 laai3 laai3 as a variant. We'll have to see if older sources still record this as having l-. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 06:49, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * As a side note, some substrate words with an n- initial seem to be pronounced with an l- now (e.g. 𨈇, 焫, 𧕴), so the evolution of 攰癩癩 would be gui6 naai3 naai3 -> gui6 laai3 laai3 -> gui6 laai4 laai4. This may just be due to 懶音 though. RcAlex36 (talk) 06:56, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's probably unreliable to look at modern speakers since the n/l merger is the norm in Hong Kong and it's probably not uncommon in Guangzhou as well. What you've proposed is a very plausible evolution except we'd need evidence for gui6 naai3 naai3. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 07:04, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

hunebed
I think the second paragraph is phrased rather unfortunately; the MNW gives several words for "Huns" in various languages as cognates to hune, if that is correct wouldn't huin and Hun be cognates as well? ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  07:17, 26 July 2020 (UTC)


 * I am not sure what the question is. For one, if you follow the links through to [Kroonen 2013, *huna(n)-], there are Middle Dutch hune, with huin as descendent, as well as Middle English hune, colored blue, although we only have an entry for Middle French hune--so I'm not sure at all which hune you mean. In Kronen I only see "MDu. hune "crow's nest", neither any association to hune, huin, Hühne "giant". More over, the MNW entry you link only lists comparisons without individual etymologies, that might as well be loans, not indicating cognates in the strict sense.
 * Second, Middle Dutch post-dates the Hunni. Third, the varying semantics make for a rather puzzling reconstruction, so the question is a lot deeper than your short inquiry leads on, not the least because of the importance of dolmen and burial mounds for comparative pre-history. Last but not least, a PIE root glossed "swelling" will always be subject to interpretation in context (followed shortly by "to cut", or "shine", but paling in comparison to the dozens of Sami words for snow).
 * While perusing Kronen, I incidently stumbled over *hlaiw- "barrow, funeral mound". Several detours later about superficially similar roots I concluded slightly manic:
 * ... I found *hunsla- n. "sacrifice" to be notable, with hlaw back in mind (...)--Kronen sees a *sla*-suffix, however, and a root *k'uent- (cf. e.g. Lith. sventas, SCr. svet "sacred, holy", modulo diacrits), which incidently is formally equivalent to *k'uent-o > *hwinda- "greyhound" (cf. Ger. Windhund, cp. *hunda- "dog", *kuon-, or *kwon in our formalism), which reminds a little of *hruthjan- "male dog" (cf. e.g. Ger. Rüde) specificly because "Also cf. OE hroth-hund 'big dog, molossus'"--I'd emphasise "big".
 * The quint-essence of this is that the interpretation hunebed "a giant's bed" appeared dubious to me, initially, and it still is, but ...
 * Alas, I cannot fathom any rebuttal. We have *hunaz- from *kewH-, which is formally at least similar in either the athematic aorist *kuh1-ent, or the s-stativ (?) with *-no- (?), *kuh1-no-s, where *huna- is listed red-linked and with a question mark, followed by some of the expected reflexes (q.v.). Interestingly, rather for *hunsla it was remarked that "It is unclear whether this root was adjectival or verbal in PIE, but in Germanic, the sla-suffix is usually added to verbal stems, ..." with reference to *swim*-words, which in my mind only adds to the confusion, not only because *swimming* is inherently ambiguous as participle or gerund, regardless of the comparison to "Go. swum(f)sl n. 'pool' < *swum-sla", but also because *-sal is down for water words, cp. Ger. Rinnsal, Gerinnsel, so that a more important suggestion to compare sven- above might have been implied (glossing myself, cp.: verschwimmen "to blur", schwammig "imprecise, soft; spongiform", versus schwinden "to weaken, fade, disappear", verschwenden "to waste", *(s)mer- "to disappear, die", perhaps *(s)neh2- "to swim", *neh2- "ship", cf. navis, Ger. Nussschale "small boat, one master; nut-shell"). 109.41.0.15 21:37, 26 July 2020 (UTC)


 * Can anyone make sense of ^that^ or should I just hat/collapse it? Is it the user who liked to point at random similarities (or another user in that vein)? - -sche (discuss) 18:40, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you think random here. *kwen- and *k'ewH- should be invariant for *hun- and the former matches semantically a lot better. This is at least tangentially relevant for the Huns, even if I mostly missed what the question was about. There's certainly been some excess, but the system identified attempts at redaction as possibly malicious. All IP-posts in the last weeks are mine, btw. 109.41.3.25 01:37, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

heft (Old Norse)
Should the sheep-related senses of heft (noun and verb) go under a different ety section from the weight-related senses? According to, the etymology of the sheep-related sense is 'Old Norse vb. Heftda (inf.) Heftdadra (past) “…acquired by right or prescription.”)'. My Old Norse is, erm, limited. Is this heftda related or unrelated to the old Norse hefð that we currently list as the global origin of heft? Mihia (talk) 18:04, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Etymology 2. Leasnam (talk) 21:48, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for looking at that and sorting it out. Mihia (talk) 00:30, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

The mystery of the missing *-w-: Proto-Germanic ,
Wondering about this:
 * *Auziwandilaz yields forms with -w-, as in ON Aurvandil, Lombardic Auriwandalo, but contrast OE Earendel, OHG Orentil and, perhaps most puzzlingly, Gothic auzandil.
 * *Audawakraz yields forms with -w-, as in OE Eadwacer, but contrast OHG Otacher.

Am I missing something, is there some logic to this? Why the seeming inconsistency? Especially when comparing the Old English Earendel and Eadwacer, it seems arbitrary. If anyone knows any similar examples in which PGmc intervocalic -w- disappears without any apparent trace, I would be interested.

(An additional problem in interpreting these is that most of them are difficult-ish to reconstruct PGmc proper nouns, and not all descendants linked to them here may in fact belong to them; for example, the source of the name Odoacer is in fact disputed, and OHG Otacher refers to this historical figure in all its attestations and may represent an early borrowing.) — Mnemosientje (t · c) 11:18, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Братислава
Almost every entry on this page is listed as being borrowed directly from Slovak, which I think is extremely unlikely. I think a lot of them are rather borrowed from Russian or should be listed as ultimately from Slovak. I also think it is worth noting that this occurred in a. Thoughts? İʟᴀᴡᴀ–Kᴀᴛᴀᴋᴀ (talk) (edits) 16:17, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Anamoose
The etymology as a female dog seems very popular on the internet (spelled uhnemoosh). However, i can't find an authoritative source that specifies female. animosh definitely means dog, at least. SteveGat (talk) 18:24, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

tabiya (chess jargon)
This chess jargon is still in use in its source language, Arabic, which easies things. Current version wrongly says: Etymology: From Arabic (ṭabīʿa, “normal manner”). But the Arabic for tabiya is تعبية taʿbiyya, also تعبئة taʿbi'a (root عبي). It's the nominalization of a verb meaning, apart from chess use:


 * Set in order, dispose or arrange the army in their places (Edward Willian Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon).
 * To set troops in order (Francis Joseph Steingass)
 * وَعَبَّى الجَيْشِ .. أَصْلَحَهُ وَهَيَّأَهُ تَعْبِيَةً وَتَعْبِئَةً وَبَعْبِيئاً (Lisān al-ʿArab, Ibn Manzur).

It's also worth noting that ancient Arab chess rules differed a bit from those of today's chess, e.g. queen and rooks had a shorter reach, so both sides or armies deployed their units thus adopting a taʿbi'a (تعبئة ) before they could threaten or capture a piece.

For a fast look of current use of taʿbi'a / تعبئة as a chess jargon: (search engine results in Arabic).

--Pablo Tornielli (talk) 20:17, 27 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The jargon still bein in use does not necessarily ease things, this might be an etymologic fallacy. It might even complicate things, if it had two etymologies. What's your source to say tabi'a was "wrong"--mere disbelieve? Or is it formally impossible so as to be not convincing? Personally, I wonder if it could be from Sumero-Akkadian, e.g. DUB, tabbu "tablet", DIB "board", A(N) "house" [ePSD]--and it would be easy to poke holes in this to incure doubt, because I'm no syriologist. Chess is from Persian, anyhow.
 * Unless you are absolutely certain, it would be better to add both, letting ambiguity show uncertainty, preferably instead of having one over the other without an argument or solid references. You might think it's obviously a mishearing from a foreign speaker, but, since Arabic is full of dialects, the same argument would hold there, too. The super convincing glosses by Lane might be later, couldn't it be?
 * The type of opening played is rather important, still.
 * A search for "تعبئة" finds twofold: [ع ب و], but "arrange" rather under [عبأ] (root: "ع ب ء"), the latter agreeing formall with Maltese [tagħbija] though semantics seem difficult (perhaps charge?) and we translate [mobilization] "تَعْبِئَةٌ f (taʿbiʾatun)". Essentially this only leaves " -b- " (as my browser lacking font support renders it anyway), which is amazing in light of PIE *bhu- "become, grow", cf. physis, inviting further consideration for ṭabīʿa "nature", cp. genesis "beginning, creation" from the same root as nature.


 * What's your source to say tabi'a is wrong?
 * In the first place, the complete absence of references linking tabiya with ṭabīʿa (طبيعة). Current version fails to give any evidence whatsoever about the use of ṭabīʿa in Arabic chess jargon, in any era. On the other side, taʿbi'a (تعبئة) does appear in ancient Arabic chess manuscripts (e.g. this one) with a related meaning and in the same context.


 * The glosses by Lane might be later?
 * Not really, since his Arabic-English Lexicon lies on classical, medieval texts and dictionaries. Also, take a look at my other quotations, particularly Lisān al-ʿArab (ca. 1290 AD).


 * Arabic is full of dialects
 * Both ṭabīʿa and taʿbi'a belong to the fuṣḥā lexicon.


 * Chess is from Persian, anyhow.
 * The word chess? Perhaps. The game is from India and went through Persia and the Arab world before reaching Europe. It keeps etymologycal traces of that long travel.
 * --Pablo Tornielli (talk) 17:34, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you want to support the etymology from ṭabīʿa, and perhaps the Arabic etymon in a chess context, with a reference or citation? Otherwise I don't think anyone will object to an update. The history of chess is only roughly known, by the way. The de.WP alleges reformation of rules in the 15th century, possibly in Spain--which would be one plausible avenue for Arabic into the jargon, and from quite a different dialect, with other semitic scribes active in the cultural sphere--who knows what they thought it meant? I'm not sure if that's important for the general history, but any comparison to Hebrew as a general example might be worthwhile for the individual lemmas. de.WP further alleges presence in Europe at the latest in the 13th CE, but no route. 109.41.3.133 18:43, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Stephen G. Brown may no longer be with us in the land of the living, so he is not in a position to support or not support it. He has been missing for over a year, unfortunately. Andrew Sheedy (talk) 02:54, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Saipan
Etymology of Saipan?
 * ✅ to the best of my ability. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 02:44, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

universitas
The descendants could really use some restructuring. Also, we have both and  as Old French lemmas, and I'm not sure which should be the main form. I recently added rfe to because of this. Ultimateria (talk) 17:50, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

talkkuna
Early revisions of that page, sensibly, derived it directly from Proto-Slavic *tolkъno. At present, there is an absurd claim that this word is derived from modern Russian толокно. Any sources for that claim?
 * It's not directly from either of those two, it's an Old East Slavic borrowing. &mdash; surjection &lang;??&rang; 13:46, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * One of the cases from Proto-Slavic proper actually; note the retention of -lk-. --Tropylium (talk) 02:27, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

loan
If lān was an alternative form of lǣn in Old English, what makes us so sure that Modern English loan doesn't derive from that alternative form, or partially derive from it? Is it because the verb lǣnan produced lend? Tharthan (talk) 16:51, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The Old English alternative form was only ever found in the compound, itself a rare variant (occurring just once) of . Leasnam (talk) 02:51, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I see. So it is nigh impossible that it had any influence. Thanks for clearing that up. Tharthan (talk) 06:41, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The IPA for the continuation of the Old Norse word, where given, is rather telling, too, e.g. Faroese /lɔɑːn/. 109.41.3.25 07:38, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Although, how do you explain the Middle English variants lane and lone; is it reasonable to suggest a hard devide, if a more difficult process could take place, in case the variants suggest shifting sounds; specifically, is replacement (which we often suggest in other entries) strictly implied??? . 109.41.3.25 13:01, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

firmament
Does anyone have an idea of what the Classical Syriac word akin to, from the root referred to in the etymology of  might be? — SGconlaw (talk) 18:14, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Think I figured it out, as there was a Classical Syriac entry linked to the English one: it appears to be, from the root (“relating to compacting”). If someone could provide a transliteration of the Syriac word that would be great. — SGconlaw (talk) 19:15, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The entry has “rəqīʿā”. Is that not what you are looking for? --Lambiam 21:05, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I added that after updated the etymology at . — SGconlaw (talk) 21:55, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Is -iškas an assumption?
I am skeptical of Reconstruction talk:Proto-Balto-Slavic/-iškas and Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ьskъ.
 * 1) assuming /š/ in the older form is from the ruki sound law, why did ruki occur in the first place given that it wasnt following one of /r w k j/? /i/ is not /j/ and does not trigger the sound law.
 * 2) Why would it have /sk/ in Slavic and /šk/ in Baltic? that doesnt seem to match what appears on Wikipedia for Slavic sound changes, which suggests the required /š/ > /s/ sound  change only occurs when a vowel immediately follows.  Our reconstruction has the cluster going back to PIE, with no disappearing yer.
 * 3) also, the traditional proto-Slavic form ends in a back yer, ŭ. why not an /a/-like vowel? is it grammatical analogy?

Thanks, — Soap — 21:15, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * RUKI rule does apply after syllabic i and u as well, e.g. from.
 * I don't know for sure, but since PBS *š normally becomes PSl. *x when it isn't palatalized, I can believe that *xk would have been too uncomfortable a consonant cluster, so that in that environment *š reverted to *s instead.
 * This question doesn't apply only to this suffix. All masculine o-stems, both nouns and adjectives, end in ъ, which is not expected as a reflex of PIE *-os and PBS *-as. Various people have proposed various explanations for this; I think the most popular theory is that ъ spread from the u-stems. —Mahāgaja · talk 22:40, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but I cant accept that as the final answer .... if the sound change took place after full vowels, w:Ruki sound law needs to be corrected to say so ... and wouldnt that have led to all sorts of symptoms, like word-final -iš and -uš, which would not have contrasted with -is and -us? The only way I can see to fit -iskos into this pattern is to assume that it sometimes appeared after vowels, which is fair, but we're out on a limb there, which is what I mean by my original question .... of whether this reconstruction is simply an assumption on our part, not something described previously by scholars such as Holger Pedersen, etc. Thanks, — Soap — 07:11, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You're right; I've edited the Wikipedia article to indicate it happens after the syllabic allophones of *r, *w, and *y as well. The article does say as well that RUKI doesn't happen before consonants in Slavic. And in Proto-Indo-Iranian, nonneuter i-stems and u-stems are indeed reconstructed as ending in *-iš and *-uš. In PBS, on the other hand, our reconstructions do show *-is and *-us, so maybe the "not before consonants" rule should be expanded to "not in syllable-final (coda) position". I don't know much at all about PBS, though, so I don't know if that would have undesirable repercussions elsewhere in the system. —Mahāgaja · talk 08:11, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay thank you. My real issue here is that I dont believe PIE had plain velars, and so I am trying to tear down the etymologies of any reconstructed word that relies on them .... so in this case, my goal was to show that Balto-Slavic languages must have loaned the morpheme from proto-Germanic or even from Greek at a later date.  But I didnt use that as one of my three points because it woukd have been a circular argument.  So I'm satisfied now that this etymology is solidly reconstructed.   Perhaps PIE /skʲ/ simply behaved as /sk/ all along and that makes this idea moot.  But Im glad I was able to contribute something helpful indirectly by bringing the mistake on the Wikipedia article to light. Thanks, — Soap — 10:30, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think reconstructing three velar series for the latest stage of PIE is pretty unavoidable, but it's not implausible that the plain velar series is later and comes partly from a phonemic merger of positional allophones of the palatal and labiovelar series and partly from analogy/paradigm leveling. —Mahāgaja · talk 11:28, 1 August 2020 (UTC)