by

Alternative forms

 * (archaic for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection)

Etymology
From, , from , from , from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) Near or next to.
 * 2) From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.
 * 3) Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).
 * : Through the action or presence of.
 * There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.
 * I was aghast by what I saw.
 * 1) * 1874,, , 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:
 * In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred.
 * : Existing through the authorship etc. of.
 * : Involving/using the means of.
 * The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * There was a call by the unions for a 30% pay rise.
 * I was aghast by what I saw.
 * 1) * 1874,, , 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:
 * In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour by the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred.
 * : Existing through the authorship etc. of.
 * : Involving/using the means of.
 * The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * The electricity was cut off, so we had to read by candlelight.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * 1)  Acted on in units of the specified size or measure.
 * sold by the yard; cheaper if bought by the gross
 * 1) per; with or in proportion to each.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * : According to.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
 * She's a lovely little filly, by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.

Translations

 * Indonesian:
 * Lao:
 * Vietnamese:

Adverb

 * 1) Along a path which runs past the speaker.
 * I watched as it passed by.
 * 1) In the vicinity, near.
 * There was a shepherd close by.
 * 1) To or at a place, as a residence or place of business.
 * I'll stop by on my way home from work.
 * We're right near the lifeguard station. Come by before you leave.
 * 1)  aside, away
 * The women spent much time after harvest putting jams by for winter and spring.
 * The women spent much time after harvest putting jams by for winter and spring.

Adjective

 * 1) Out of the way, off to one side.
 * a by path, a by room
 * 1) Subsidiary, incidental.
 * by catch, a by issue

Usage notes
More usually in compounds, either hyphenated (e.g. by-product) or closed (e.g. byproduct); see also by-.

Derived terms

 * See English terms prefixed with by-

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Preposition

 * 1) to
 * 1) to

Etymology 2
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) bee

Etymology
Semantic shift from.

Preposition

 * 1)  according to

Etymology
, from.

Particle

 * 1) ; would
 * 2) ; would
 * 1) ; would

Usage notes

 * In formal language, it is used for the third person of the infinitive, both singular and plural and with the second person of the verb.
 * In colloquial Czech, by is commonly used in place of other conditional forms of být in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is, by is a shared shorthand for, , and.
 * In colloquial Czech, by is commonly used in place of other conditional forms of být in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is, by is a shared shorthand for, , and.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) town, city

Etymology
.

Particle

 * 1) * 2002,
 * "ja"
 * "ja"

- ココにはバッファから生成したMAPのTEXTURE希望　by JAMAD


 * 1) * 2007, 第5話
 * "ja"

- 己を知らされば、戦う毎に必ず殆し. by 孫子


 * 1) * 2009, 第4話
 * "ja"

- めざせ武道館！！　by 軽音部！

Etymology
From

Verb

 * 1) would

Usage notes
This verb may be omitted before the past active participles of, , and.

Etymology 1
, from, from , from.

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) town, city (regardless of population size or land area)

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to bid; offer
 * 2) to ask; invite
 * 3) to command; order

Etymology 1
From, from. .

Noun

 * 1) town, city (regardless of population size or land area)

Etymology 2
From, from , from. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to command, order
 * 2) to bid, offer
 * 3) to offer
 * 1) to offer
 * 1) to offer

Etymology
.

Conjunction

 * 1) ; in order to; would that
 * 2) ; would
 * 3) ; albeit, although
 * 1) ; in order to; would that
 * 2) ; would
 * 3) ; albeit, although
 * 1) ; would
 * 2) ; albeit, although

Etymology 1
..

Conjunction

 * 1)  ; to, so that, in order to
 * 2)  ; to
 * 3)  ; to
 * 4) ; to
 * 5) ; in order to
 * 6)  ; in order to
 * 7) ; in order to
 * 8)  ; if
 * 9)  ; albeit, although
 * 1) ; to
 * 2) ; in order to
 * 3)  ; in order to
 * 4) ; in order to
 * 5)  ; if
 * 6)  ; albeit, although
 * 1)  ; in order to
 * 2) ; in order to
 * 3)  ; if
 * 4)  ; albeit, although
 * 1)  ; if
 * 2)  ; albeit, although
 * 1)  ; albeit, although
 * 1)  ; albeit, although

Particle

 * 1)  ; if only, had better, let

Etymology
.

Particle

 * 1) ; would, would've

Conjunction

 * 1) ; to, so that, for that, in order to
 * 2) ; if only, had better, let
 * 3) ; to, so that, for that, in order to
 * 4) ; to, so that, for that, in order to
 * 5) ; just to, only to
 * 6) ; if
 * 1) ; to, so that, for that, in order to
 * 2) ; just to, only to
 * 3) ; if
 * 1) ; if
 * 1) ; if

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) by
 * 2)  than

Adverb

 * 1) by, nearby

Conjunction

 * 1) by (the time that)

Etymology
.

Particle

 * 1) ; would, would've

Conjunction

 * 1) in order to, so that

Etymology 1
From, , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (“town, city”, whence also 🇨🇬 with the same meaning), 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hamlet
 * 2) village
 * 3)  farm
 * 4)  town, city
 * 5)  Rinkeby

Etymology 2
From or, ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) gust, rush of wind

Preposition

 * 1) near to
 * 2) in relation to