cứng

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Possibly related to, through an infixed form.

Similarities to  (SV:, ),  (SV: , ),  (SV: ),  (SV: ) are probably coincidental. The Austroasiatic words might also be borrowed from another source that gave rise to one of the Sinitic words.

Also a in  and.

Adjective

 * 1) hard; firm; rigid
 * 2)  hard
 * 1)  hard