er

Pronunciation

 * Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare.
 * Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare.
 * Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare.
 * Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare.

Etymology 1
Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

Interjection

 * 1) * 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
 * "en"
 * 1) * 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
 * "en"

- Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

Verb

 * 1)  To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.
 * He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  he; it

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) he

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  he, it

Etymology 1
Ultimately from. See 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) for, by, on account of

Etymology 2
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from.

Noun

 * 1) eagle

Etymology 3
From, borrowed from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) heir

Noun

 * 1)  temple

Etymology 5
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

Adjective

 * 1) every

Etymology
From, , from. The infinitive of the verb is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

Pronunciation

 * , but often elided in spontaneous speech.

Etymology 1
Weak form of, the unstressed form of ("there")

Adverb

 * 1) there unspecific to distance
 * 2)  it; him, her, them.

Usage notes

 * is an unstressed variety of and, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
 * With a preposition, is used instead of, , ,  to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

Etymology 2
From, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

Adverb

 * 1)  of them, of those (often not translated in English)
 * Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
 * My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
 * Ik zie er geen meer.
 * I don't see any more (of them).

Derived terms
See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

Etymology
From, from , from , from. In northern 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 there also existed forms with initial h-, namely, , from , whence 🇨🇬 and (from the accusative) 🇨🇬. Compare. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms, is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from, (when ,  could have been read as , ).

Pronunciation




Pronoun

 * 1)  he.
 * 2)  it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine ).
 * 3)  she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine ).
 * ,, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
 * "de"
 * 1)  she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine ).
 * ,, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
 * "de"
 * ,, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
 * "de"

- Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.



Declension

 * In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
 * for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
 * with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
 * Older forms/spellings include:
 * ,  – distinguished from  and

Etymology
From, from. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g., (see ).

Pronoun

 * 1) he

Etymology 1
, analogical leveling of earlier, from , from.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was.

Etymology 2
, from, from.

Pronoun

 * 1)  which
 * 2)  in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
 * 1)  in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
 * 1)  in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
 * 1)  in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
 * 1)  in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.

Conjunction

 * 1)  of a place, of a time
 * 2) * Judges 2:19
 * "is"

- En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.



Etymology
From.

Etymology
From, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology 1
From, from (whence also 🇨🇬), a root noun from , whence also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 from.

Noun

 * 1) hedgehog

Usage notes
There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Usage notes

 * Multiple Latin names for the letter, have been suggested. The most common is  or a syllabic , although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, , , , , and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters).

Etymology
Possibly or is a pronunciation spelling of  in non-rhotic Malay accents.

Interjection

 * ;, uh.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
From a conflation of three prepositions: Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * , (triggering lenition), from, from . Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * 1)  (triggering no mutation), from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).
 * 2)  (triggering eclipsis), from, from.

Preposition

 * 1) on
 * 2) onto
 * 3) during
 * 4) for

Pronoun

 * on him/it
 * on him/it

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Adverb

 * 1) early
 * 2) earlier
 * 3) formerly
 * 4) rather

Etymology
, from.

Pronoun

 * 1)  he

Descendants

 * Low Alemannic:
 * Alsatian:, ,
 * Badisch:
 * High Alemannic: ,
 * Bernese:
 * Lucerne:
 * Northeastern:
 * Walser:
 * Swabian Jura:
 * Moselle Franconian:
 * High Prussian:
 * Lower
 * Upper
 * North Moravian:
 * Thuringian:
 * Central Thuringian:
 * West Thuringian:
 * Meißnisch:
 * Osterländisch:
 * Erzgebirgisch:
 * Lusatian:
 * Berlinerisch:
 * Unterfränkisch:
 * Hohenlohisch:
 * Upper Hessian:
 * Lorraine Franconian: ,
 * Meißnisch:
 * Osterländisch:
 * Erzgebirgisch:
 * Lusatian:
 * Berlinerisch:
 * Unterfränkisch:
 * Hohenlohisch:
 * Upper Hessian:
 * Lorraine Franconian: ,
 * Hohenlohisch:
 * Upper Hessian:
 * Lorraine Franconian: ,
 * Lorraine Franconian: ,

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) he, it

Verb

 * 1)  (=to be)

Verb

 * is, are, am (present of to be)
 * 1)  be
 * 1)  be

Etymology
From, from.

Preposition

 * 1) before, earlier than

Conjunction

 * 1) ere, afore

Adverb

 * 1) previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
 * 2) earlier, before a certain time or period

Etymology 1
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1) earlier, previously

Preposition

 * 1) before

Etymology 1
From, from , whence also 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) early

Adverb

 * 1) ere, before
 * 2) formerly

Conjunction

 * 1) before, until

Preposition
(+ dative)


 * 1) before

Etymology 2
From, akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ore
 * 2) brass

Etymology 3
From, akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) he
 * 2) * c. 825,, , translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
 * "goh"

- Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein

Etymology 1
From earlier, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬).

Pronoun

 * 1) who, which, that
 * 2) * verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
 * "non"

- en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr

Conjunction

 * 1) where
 * 2) when

Usage notes

 * The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

Etymology 2
From earlier, from , from ,. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

Usage notes

 * See above; the same rules apply.

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Preposition
+ (optionally another preposition)
 * 1) until, to, up to

Particle

 * 1) as well as

Etymology 1
From, whence also 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) early

Adverb

 * 1) before, ere
 * 2) formerly

Conjunction

 * 1) before

Preposition
(+ dative)


 * 1) before

Etymology 2
From, whence also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) copper, bronze
 * 2) ore

Etymology 3
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) messenger, herald

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) named; having a name

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) he

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) master, gentleman

Etymology 1
From Old Turkic erür.

Noun

 * 1) is, are

Noun

 * 1) man

Adjective

 * 1)  early

Adverb

 * 1) morning
 * 2)  long time ago

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  Second-person simple present form of ti be
 * 2)  Plural simple present form of ti be
 * 3)  First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be

Usage notes
Used emphatically. See ir.

Etymology
of earlier, from , , from , from , dative/accusative of , from.

Pronoun

 * 1) you (plural, object)
 * 2)  your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
 * 1)  your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)

Usage notes

 * See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
 * Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like and.

Etymology 1
,, from. Related to 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  early

Usage notes

 * Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

Etymology 2
, from. Related to noun-forming suffix and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) brave
 * 2) man, male
 * 3) noble
 * 4) conscript, private soldier of the lowest rank of the army
 * 5) tribesman
 * 6) warrior

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband
 * 1) husband

Etymology 1
Ultimately from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Conjunction

 * 1) although

Preposition

 * 1)  since
 * 2)  in spite of, despite
 * 3)  in order to
 * 4)  for the sake of
 * 5)  because of
 * 6)  for, in exchange for
 * 7)  resulting in
 * 8)  through
 * 1)  because of
 * 2)  for, in exchange for
 * 3)  resulting in
 * 4)  through
 * 1)  resulting in
 * 2)  through

Usage notes

 * In very formal or literary language, is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
 * is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
 * In less formal registers, is used in all instances.
 * is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
 * In less formal registers, is used in all instances.
 * In less formal registers, is used in all instances.

Pronoun

 * 1)  used before the object or after the verb.