feud

Etymology 1
,, from , , , from (corresponding to ), from. Cognate to 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬 (directly inherited from Proto-West Germanic) alongside Danish and Swedish  (borrowed from 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) A state of long-standing mutual hostility.
 * 2)  A staged rivalry between wrestlers.
 * 3)  A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race.
 * 1)  A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race.

Usage notes
The modern pronunciation has been described as "unexplained" and "hard to account for"; the expected form would be,. Several explanations have been suggested for the change in pronunciation, but none has met with unanimous approval.


 * Traditionally, the change was attributed to the influence of Etymology 2, but as noted by the , the influence of that word is improbable; forms indicating a pronunciation of the type first occur some 50 years before Etymology 2 is attested; even once it appears, it is a rare term of art. Furthermore, the influence of that word cannot account for Early Modern English forms like, , and there is no obvious reason why one word would influence the other; any semantic connection is tenuous at best.
 * Malone suggests that the modern pronunciation results from a misreading of as, pointing out that such a spelling pronunciation could develop since the word was originally a literary borrowing from Northern English dialects and therefore "belonged to the written, and not the spoken, language".
 * Dobson posits that was reanalysed as a contraction of ; on this model, a form  was created by replacing the suffix  with its variant . When this was borrowed into the Early Modern standard language, it would be pronounced, which was then contracted to . This would regularly yield.
 * Most accounts assume that cannot develop into  without some kind of remodelling. However, it may be that in some dialects,  would regularly yield a form that speakers of standard Early Modern English would approximate as, , , , etc. This initially seems improbable, but according to the , many traditional dialects reflect Middle English  (as in  ) as a diphthong such as ,  or  (e.g. Herefordshire  ).

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Azerbaijani: ədavət
 * Bulgarian: кръ́вна вражда́,
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chechen:
 * Chinese:
 * Hokkien: sè-siû
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * Georgian: შუღლი, მტრობა, უსიამოვნება
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, フェーデ
 * Latin: simultās, hostilitas
 * Norwegian:
 * Ossetian: змур, быцӕу
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Scots: feid
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovak: zvar
 * Spanish:, , ,
 * Swedish:


 * Finnish: sukuriita
 * Old English: fǣhþu
 * Telugu:

Verb

 * 1)  To carry on a feud.

Translations

 * Belarusian: варагава́ць
 * French: ,
 * German:
 * Russian:
 * Ukrainian: ворогува́ти

Etymology 2
From. .

Noun

 * 1) An estate granted to a vassal by a feudal lord in exchange for service.

Translations

 * Arabic: إِقْطَاعَة
 * Armenian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Italian:
 * Macedonian: феуд
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romagnol: féud
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scots: feu
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: феуд
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:

Etymology
From, from , prototonic form of.

Verb

 * 1) must, have to

Usage notes

 * This defective verb is only used in the future passive form, though its function is in a past or conditional context.