heaven

Etymology
From a wide variety of forms including, , , and , from , , from , of uncertain origin.

Cognate with 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and possibly the rare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, which are all probably dissimilated forms of the Germanic root which appears in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and probably also (in another variant form) 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (modern 🇨🇬), and 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬).

Accepting these as cognates, some scholars propose a further derivation from.

Noun

 * 1) The sky, specifically:
 * 2)  The distant sky in which the sun, moon, and stars appear or move; the firmament; the celestial spheres.
 * 3) * 1535,, 3:1:
 * All that is vnder the heauen.
 * 1) * 2006, Peter Carroll translating a maxim of the Southern Song dynasty in Between Heaven and Modernity: Reconstructing Suzhou, 1895–1937:
 * Above is Heaven, Below are Suzhou and Hangzhou
 * 1)  The near sky in which weather, flying animals, etc. appear;  the atmosphere; the climate.
 * 2)  A model displaying the movement of the celestial bodies, an orrery.
 * 3)  The abode of God or the gods, traditionally conceived as beyond the sky; especially:
 * 4)  The abode of God and of the angels and saints in His presence.
 * 5) * 1560,, Revelation 12:7–8:
 * And there was a battel in heauen. Michael & his Angels foght againſt the dragon, and the dragon foght & his Angels. But they preuailed not, nether was their place founde anie more in heauen.
 * 1)  The abode of the Abrahamic God; similar abodes of the gods in other religions and traditions, such as Mount Olympus.
 * 2) * 1649, Alexander Ross translating the Sieur Du Ryer, The Alcoran Of Mahomet, Translated out of the Arabique into French... newly Englished, 406:
 * As he [ Muhammad ] was returning, in the fourth Heaven, Moses advised him to goe back to God.
 * 1)  Providence, the will of God or the council of the gods; fate.
 * 2)  The afterlife of the blessed dead, traditionally conceived as opposed to an afterlife of the wicked and unjust (compare ); specifically:
 * 3) * 1925 July 1,, letter to :
 * I wonder what your idea of heaven would be&mdash;A beautiful vacuum filled with wealthy monogamists, all powerful and members of the best families drinking themselves to death. And hell would probably be an ugly vacuum full of poor polygamists unable to obtain booze... To me heaven would be a big bull ring with me holding two barrera seats and a trout stream outside that no one else was allowed to fish in and two lovely houses in the town; one where I would have my wife and children and be monogamous and love them truly and well and the other where I would have my nine beautiful mistresses on 9 different floors...
 * 1)  Paradise, the afterlife of the souls who are not sent to a place of punishment or purification such as hell, purgatory, or limbo; the state or condition of being in the presence of God after death.
 * 2)  The afterlife of the blessed dead in other religions and traditions, such as the Pure Land or Elysium.
 * 3)  Any paradise; any blissful place or experience.
 * 4) * 1660 November 14, a speech in the House of Commons in W. Cobbett, Parl. Hist. (1808), IV 145:
 * England, that was formerly the heaven, would be now the hell for women.
 * 1) * 1782, F. Burney, Cecilia, I iii iv 51:
 * Such a shop as that...would be quite a heaven upon earth to me.
 * 1)  A state of bliss; a peaceful ecstasy.
 * 2) * 1550, J. Heywood, Dialogue Prov. Eng. Tongue, II vii:
 * Husbandes are in heauen...whose wiues scold not.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Providence, the will of God or the council of the gods; fate.
 * 2)  The afterlife of the blessed dead, traditionally conceived as opposed to an afterlife of the wicked and unjust (compare ); specifically:
 * 3) * 1925 July 1,, letter to :
 * I wonder what your idea of heaven would be&mdash;A beautiful vacuum filled with wealthy monogamists, all powerful and members of the best families drinking themselves to death. And hell would probably be an ugly vacuum full of poor polygamists unable to obtain booze... To me heaven would be a big bull ring with me holding two barrera seats and a trout stream outside that no one else was allowed to fish in and two lovely houses in the town; one where I would have my wife and children and be monogamous and love them truly and well and the other where I would have my nine beautiful mistresses on 9 different floors...
 * 1)  Paradise, the afterlife of the souls who are not sent to a place of punishment or purification such as hell, purgatory, or limbo; the state or condition of being in the presence of God after death.
 * 2)  The afterlife of the blessed dead in other religions and traditions, such as the Pure Land or Elysium.
 * 3)  Any paradise; any blissful place or experience.
 * 4) * 1660 November 14, a speech in the House of Commons in W. Cobbett, Parl. Hist. (1808), IV 145:
 * England, that was formerly the heaven, would be now the hell for women.
 * 1) * 1782, F. Burney, Cecilia, I iii iv 51:
 * Such a shop as that...would be quite a heaven upon earth to me.
 * 1)  A state of bliss; a peaceful ecstasy.
 * 2) * 1550, J. Heywood, Dialogue Prov. Eng. Tongue, II vii:
 * Husbandes are in heauen...whose wiues scold not.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  The afterlife of the blessed dead in other religions and traditions, such as the Pure Land or Elysium.
 * 2)  Any paradise; any blissful place or experience.
 * 3) * 1660 November 14, a speech in the House of Commons in W. Cobbett, Parl. Hist. (1808), IV 145:
 * England, that was formerly the heaven, would be now the hell for women.
 * 1) * 1782, F. Burney, Cecilia, I iii iv 51:
 * Such a shop as that...would be quite a heaven upon earth to me.
 * 1)  A state of bliss; a peaceful ecstasy.
 * 2) * 1550, J. Heywood, Dialogue Prov. Eng. Tongue, II vii:
 * Husbandes are in heauen...whose wiues scold not.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1) * 1782, F. Burney, Cecilia, I iii iv 51:
 * Such a shop as that...would be quite a heaven upon earth to me.
 * 1)  A state of bliss; a peaceful ecstasy.
 * 2) * 1550, J. Heywood, Dialogue Prov. Eng. Tongue, II vii:
 * Husbandes are in heauen...whose wiues scold not.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * Husbandes are in heauen...whose wiues scold not.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.
 * 1)  Similarly blissful afterlives, places, or states for particular people, animals, or objects.

Usage notes
Frequently capitalized as '' in all senses when regarded as a proper name.

When used as a synonym for the impersonal sky, the word has typically been plural ("" or "") since the 17th century, except in poetry.

Synonyms

 * , ; welkin

Translations

 * Albanian:, pjetë (poetic)
 * Amharic: ሰማይ
 * Arabic: سَمَاء (سَمَاوَات), (أَفْلَاك)
 * Aramaic:
 * Classical Syriac: ܫܡܝܐ
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שְׁמַיָּא
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Bashkir: күк
 * Bengali:, ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Cebuano: langit
 * Chechen: стигал
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Dalmatian: cil
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Friulian: cîl, paradîs
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: ზეცა
 * German: ,
 * Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃
 * Greek: ,
 * Ancient: οὐρανός
 * Hawaiian: lani
 * Hebrew:
 * Higaonon: langit
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: taivas
 * Interlingua: celo
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kashubian: niebò
 * Kazakh:
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Lingala: likoló
 * Lithuanian:
 * Low German:
 * German Low German:
 * Macedonian: небо
 * Malagasy:
 * Maltese: ġenna
 * Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
 * Maori:
 * Massachusett: kesuck, kéesuck
 * Middle English: hevene, welken
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Navajo: wótʼááh
 * Norn: Chimeri
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: ,
 * Bokmål: himmel, sky
 * Occitan:
 * Ojibwe: giizhig, giizhigoon
 * Old Portuguese: ceo
 * Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃
 * Pashto:
 * Persian:, ,
 * Plautdietsch: Himmel
 * Polabian: nebü
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Saterland Frisian: Heemel
 * Scottish Gaelic: speur
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: не̏бо, небеса
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak: nebo
 * Slovene:, nébes
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: njebjo
 * Upper Sorbian: njebjo
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swabian: Hemmel
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog:, kalangitan
 * Thai:
 * Tigrinya: ሰማይ
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎎𐎎
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu:, , گگن
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: wybr
 * West Frisian:
 * Yiddish: הימל, שמים
 * Yucatec Maya: kaʼan
 * Zazaki:, , gırazmin, sapar
 * Zulu:


 * Abenaki: spemki
 * Afrikaans: hemel
 * Ainu: リクンモシㇼ
 * Alabama: abahli iisa
 * Amharic: ገነት
 * Arabic: سَمَاء (سَمَاوَات)
 * Egyptian Arabic: الجنة
 * Hijazi: جنة
 * Aramaic:
 * Classical Syriac: ܦܪܕܝܣܐ
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: স্বৰ্গ, বেহেস্ত, সৰগ
 * Asturian: paraísu
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Baluchi: جنت
 * Bashkir: ожмах, йәннәт
 * Bengali:, , বেহেশ্ত,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese: ,
 * Catawba: himbare
 * Cebuano: langit
 * Central Dusun: surga
 * Chechen: ялсамани
 * Cheyenne: séano
 * Chickasaw: Aba' Yaakni'
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 天堂
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, , hof van Eden, tuin der lusten
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: ,
 * Faroese: himmiríki
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, , ,
 * Friulian: cîl
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: სამოთხე
 * German: ,
 * Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃
 * Greek: ,
 * Ancient: οὐρανός
 * Guinea-Bissau Creole: gloria
 * Gujarati: સ્વર્ગ, જન્નત, વહિશ્ત , ફિરદોસ
 * Haitian Creole: syèl
 * Hebrew: פרדיסא,
 * Hindi:, , फ़िरदौस,
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: raaju
 * Interlingua: celo, paradiso
 * Irish: neamh, flaitheas, flaithis
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Kashubian: niebò
 * Kazakh: ұжмақ, жұмақ, бейіш, пейіш, жәннат
 * Korean:, , , , ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: بەھەشت
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Ladino:
 * Hebrew: גן עדן
 * Latin: Gan Eden
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: Himmel
 * Luxembourgish: Himmel, Paradäis
 * Macedonian:
 * Malay:, , jannah, jannat, , loga, sorga,
 * Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
 * Maore Comorian: pev̄o
 * Maori:
 * Marathi: स्वर्ग, वैकुंठ
 * Middle English: hevene
 * Mongolian: ᠳ᠋ᠢᠸᠠᠵᠠᠨ
 * Cyrillic:
 * Navajo: yáʼąąsh
 * Ngarrindjeri: Wyerriewarr
 * Ngazidja Comorian: mbingu
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, paradis, paradis, paradiser
 * Nynorsk: himmel, paradis, paradis
 * Odia: ସ୍ୱର୍ଗ
 * Old Occitan: cel
 * Ottoman Turkish: جنت, اوچماق, فردوس
 * Pashto: ,
 * Persian:, ,
 * Plautdietsch: Himmel
 * Polabian: nebü
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romani: rajo
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Scots: heiven, guid place
 * Scottish Gaelic: nèamh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ра̑ј
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: nebo
 * Slovene:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: njebjo
 * Upper Sorbian: njebjo
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swabian: Hemmel
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Tagalog:, , kalangitan
 * Tamil:
 * Tatar: жәннәт
 * Telugu:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen:, uçma
 * Ukrainian:, небеса́
 * Urdu: جَنَّت, فِرْدَوس, بِہِشْت
 * Uyghur: جەننەت
 * Uzbek: ,
 * Vietnamese: (天堂),
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian:
 * Yiddish: הימל, שמים, גן־עדן
 * Yucatec Maya: ka'an
 * Zazaki:, behestan


 * Arabic:
 * Bashkir: ожмах, йәннәт
 * Danish:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Greek:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: بەھەشت
 * Middle English: hevene
 * Persian:
 * Turkish:

Verb

 * 1)  To transport to the abode of God, the gods, or the blessed.
 * 2)  To beatify, enchant, or please greatly.
 * 3)  To beautify, to make into a paradise.
 * 1)  To beautify, to make into a paradise.
 * 1)  To beautify, to make into a paradise.